UGC NET/JRF EXAM, MARCH-2023 Labour and Social Welfare

Under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, various authorities have been established to address industrial disputes:

Board of Conciliation: Section 5 outlines the establishment of a Board of Conciliation to mediate and promote the settlement of industrial disputes.

Court of Inquiry: According to Section 6, a Court of Inquiry can be set up to investigate any matter of public importance related to an industrial dispute.

Industrial Tribunal: Detailed in Section 7, the Industrial Tribunal is established to adjudicate on industrial disputes relating to specific matters.

National Tribunals: Section 7B introduces National Tribunals to handle disputes of national importance or if they involve questions of natural justice.

Voluntary Arbitration: This is a method by which industrial disputes are settled amicably through arbitrators appointed by parties mutually, as defined in Section 10A. Ascending order of the given question is (d), (c), (a), (e), (b).

Provisions related to health under the Factories Act, 1948, include:

Ventilation and temperature: Section 13 mandates that effective measures be adopted to circulate fresh air and maintain a comfortable temperature.

Dust and Fume: Section 14 requires factories to take effective measures to prevent inhalation of dust and fume and to prevent its accumulation.

Artificial humidification: As per Section 15, if artificial humidification is employed in a factory, the water used must be purified to make it safe and harmless to human health.

Lighting: Section 17 asserts that sufficient and suitable lighting should be provided in every part of the factory.

Drinking water: According to Section 18, effective arrangements must be made to provide and maintain an adequate supply of wholesome drinking water. Ascending order of the given question is (b), (e), (a), (d), (c).

The Payment of Wages Act, 1936, outlines different types of permissible deductions:

Deductions for absence from duty: Section 9 specifies the conditions and extent of deductions for absence.

Deductions for damage or loss: Section 10 provides provisions related to deductions due to damage or loss of goods.

Deductions for services rendered: Defined under Section 11.

Deductions for recovery of advances: Stated in Section 12, it deals with the recovery of advances given under certain conditions.

Deductions for recovery of loans: Section 13 outlines the terms of deductions for repayment of loans. Ascending order of the given question is (c), (b), (a), (e), (d).

The "Dark Triad" refers to a set of three negative personality traits: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. While the assertion is accurate in this description, the reason does not accurately depict narcissism. Narcissism is characterized by grandiosity, pride, egotism, and a lack of empathy.

Individuals with narcissistic tendencies believe they are superior and may be preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success. The description in the reason ("pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means") better fits the Machiavellianism trait.

Machiavellianism involves manipulating and deceiving others for personal gain. Therefore, the reason does not provide a correct explanation for the assertion.

Ingratiation is a tactic used by individuals to make themselves more likable or favorable to others, often superiors or decision-makers. In a recruitment setting, a candidate might use ingratiation by agreeing with the recruiter's opinions, signaling shared beliefs.

This tactic often relies on the assumption that perceived similarities can influence how positively one person views another. However, the reason suggests that perceived similarity in attitudes/values doesn't affect how the interviewer rates the applicant's competence.

This statement is inaccurate. Research has shown that perceived similarity can indeed influence interview outcomes, as interviewers may feel more comfortable with candidates who seem like-minded or share similar values.

Assertion (A) is correct in stating that the Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution emphasize the importance of labor welfare. The Directive Principles act as guidelines or recommendations to the states in crafting laws and policies.

Articles like 39, 41, 42, and 43 specifically focus on the welfare of workers and ensuring that their rights are protected. However, Reason (R) presents a slightly misleading notion.

While it's accurate to state that voluntary welfare measures might be actions by employers or workers' organizations, the reason does not directly explain or correlate with the assertion's statement about the constitution's emphasis on labor welfare.

Instead, it presents an additional facet of labor welfare carried out at organizational or union levels.