UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism, June-2020

Total Questions: 100

51. William Hachten proposed the following normative theories that are spread all over the world:

(a) Western
(b) Revolutionary
(c) Social responsibility
(d) Democratic participant
(e) Authoritarian

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b) and (e) only
Solution:Western, here there is a blend of elements present in libertarianism and social responsibility and the theory specifically rules out government control over news and information circulation.

The concept opines that government policies should also be criticized and commented upon, if it fails to function properly. Also, that news media houses should be financially sound and profit making steps should be made.

(b) Revolutionary, this concept deals with destructive communication and illegality, that is, making use of news media to destabilize the government or to take power from rejected rulers. This theory originates from Lenin's ideas of managing a newspaper under which revolution may be organized.

(e) Authoritarian, such is said to be the concept oldest in journalism which was perceived in England in 16th and 17th centuries.

This concept has its inspiration from ideas put forth from thinkers such as Plato, Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and Georg Hegel.

52. International communication theories are drawn from the following conceptual frameworks:

(a) Theories of representation
(b) Theories of rhetorics
(c) Reception theories
(d) Theories of identity
(e) Theories of criticism

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. (a), (c) and (d) only
Solution:Could not find anything satisfactory, and instead of mentioning something incorrect, i opt to leave this unexplained.

53. Development of underdevelopment is described as a:

(a) Capitalist expansion
(b) Zero-sum proposition
(c) Core-periphery relations
(d) Political compulsion
(e) Ideological divide
(f) By product of media dependency

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:(a) Capitalist expansion, as underdevelopment and impoverished infrastructure (in poor countries or cities) could be removed by way of investment by rich nations and in return the latter are likely to demand some gains, this is capitalist expansion.

(b) Zero-sum proposition, such is derived from game theory wherein one person's (winner's) gain is another's loss.

Minimum of 2 players and maximum millions can take part in such zerosum game (c) Core-periphery relations, this is a theory mentioning about processes by which decisions in resource-based rural communities are influenced by urban points as the latter enjoy many advantages,

such as centrality, synergism and recombination. For research purpose, data collected from Oregon communities covering a period of 1949 through 1989 reflect amazing change in the incomes of rural and urban centres while rural people are resource-based communities at periphery.

54. The dominant paradigm of development was criticized for:

(a) It was pro-west
(b) It was ethnocentric
(c) Cultural imperialism
(d) Focus on agriculture
(e) Non-industrial development

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:(a) It was pro-west, clearly, such is purely titled towards western nations giving an impression that western philosophy, civilization and way of life is far superior to the rest of the world,

(b) It was ethnocentric, again, it enables a white man's hegemony and therefore makes other countries subjugate to their philosophies and thoughts and way of life (c) Cultural imperialism, finally,

such makes way for cultural imperialism, as less developed countries and ethnicities will be overwhelmed and inundated by western cultural supremacy and therefore, such would be similar to what was seen earlier, during the zenith of imperialism.

55. Which of the following are true of requirements for a newspaper?

(a) It must be an irregular publication.
(b) It can be issued periodically.
(c) It must contain only news.
(d) Such news must be public in character.
(e) It can contain comments on public news.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (b), (d) and (e) only
Solution:(b) It can be issued periodically, it need not to be a daily newspaper, rather it can be published weekly, fortnightly or even monthly too. (d) Such news must be public in character,

truly news and information to be covered in a newspaper should interest common people and it should in favour of people and popular benefit when awareness is created through a responsible journalism.

(e) It can contain comments on public news, clearly, chief editors and chief reporters are the senior and experienced people with years of great knowledge and insight on a subject and such people express their comments and thoughts on certain issues concerning common people and newspapers are the great medium to express these.

56. The amount of damages in the cases involving defamation depends upon factors such as:

(a) Social position of the plaintiff
(b) Nature of imputation
(c) Mode of publication
(d) Unmitigating circumstances
(e) Third-party intervention
(f) Discretion of judicial authority

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b) and (c) only

57. Which of the following are to be considered while editing a news cоpy?

(a) Group nouns should always be considered as singular.
(b) Use capital letters for business titles.
(c) Be consistent in spelling.
(d) Keep paragraphs short
(e) Write long headlines.
(f)Use punctuation marks liberally in headlines.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (c) and (d) only
Solution:(a) Group nouns should always be considered as singular, during editing, one should be careful that group nouns should be treated as a singular and all verb forms should be used as per this.

(c) Be consistent in spelling, not surprisingly, when publishing an English language daily, one should always be careful about correct spelling in English language, else reputation of whole journal would be jeopardized, (d) Keep paragraphs short.,

paragraphs need to be shortened, in order to enhance interest among the readers, else none would be interested in going through the lengthy news text with needless details.

58. Which of the following are the characteristic features of the positive paradigm in research?

(a) Uses quantification
(b) Mostly employed in natural sciences
(c) Uses hypotheses
(d) Does not depend upon quantification
(e) Uses subjective measures
(f) Highly literary

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:(a) Group nouns should always be considered as singular, during editing, one should be careful that group nouns should be treated as a singular and all verb forms should be used as per this.

(c) Be consistent in spelling, not surprisingly, when publishing an English language daily, one should always be careful about correct spelling in English language, else reputation of whole journal would be jeopardized,

(d) Keep paragraphs short., paragraphs need to be shortened, in order to enhance interest among the readers, else none would be interested in going through the lengthy news text with needless details.

research paradigm, our approach is targeted towards a research when we define ontology and epistemology in case of our research.

59. Filmmakers of the Soviet Montage Movement used which of the following methods in their work?

(a) Tatami shots
(b) Tonal editing
(c) Over-tonal editing
(d) Intellectual editing
(e) Tachistoscopic displays

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (b), (c) and (d) only
Solution:Truly, film editing field witnessed a great change on the back of such types of editing. (b) Tonal editing: here, combination of 2 or more shots take place which help each other in theme building and such is thought to be opposite to intellectual editing.

In short, tone of scene is created when shots are edited which have similar thematic aim. (c) Overtonal editing, such is the collection of 4 or more types of montages, i.e. Intellectual, Metric, Rhythmic and Tonal.

The more popular scene of Soviet Montage theory is that of Odessa Steps in movie Battleship Potemkin, where all 4 types of Montage filmmaking are made best use of.

(d) Intellectual editing, here, Kuleshov presented a short film which had the central idea of merging a shot (that was single and centre-frame with popular actor Ivan Mosjoukine) with 3 more different shots,

where a bowl of soup, a girl in coffin and woman lying on couch, were seen. These shots had a hidden impact of various emotions on the audience mind.

60. Techniques which are commonly used in Continuity Editing are:

(a) Freeze frames
(b) 180° Rule
(c) Jump cutting
(d) Match cutting
(e) Eyeline matching
(f) Symbolic inserts

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (b), (d) and (e) only
Solution:(b) 180° Rule, such is crucial guideline about the on-screen spatial relationship between one character and another or with any object present within a scene.

Now, considering 2 characters, when we place a camera on one side of axis, the first character should always be on right side of frame from the second character.

(d) Match cutting, such means a cut from one shot to another which is often considered as a change and combination of 2 shots are blended by way of action or subject or subject matter.

Scores of match cut types are there, from graphic to match on action. (e) Eyeline matching, when a sense is blocked, we commonly have actors who interact with the set and if we want to cover them, picking up something and gazing it,

it may be a phone or a newspaper, we have to cut from their face to an insert shot of the thing they would interact with. This is how, eyeline match comes into action.