UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism, October-2022*

makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person,

is said, except in the cases hereinafter expected, to defame that person." Consequently, the fundamental components of defamation are:

• The dissemination of spoken, written, sign, or other visible material.
• With the goal that such an imputation would reduce the person's opinion.
• Such slander is committed in front of society's upstanding citizens.

Social Objectives of Doordarshan:

• To act as a catalyst for change.
• To promote National integration.
• To stimulate a scientific temper in the minds of the people.
• To disseminate the message of family planning as a means of population control and family welfare.
• To provide essential information and knowledge in order to stimulate greater agricultural production.
• To promote and help preserve environment and ecological balance.
• To highlight the need for social welfare measures including welfare of women, children and the less privileged.
• To promote interest in games and sports.
• To create values of appraisal of art and cultural heritage.

Since the first show on 3 October 2014, there have been 100 episodes. The 100th episode has been aired on 30 April, 2023.

The main purpose of the program is to “establish a dialogue with the citizens on issues of day-to-day governance”, according to a statement by the Information and Broadcasting Minister in the Rajya Sabha in July 2021. The programme is India’s “first visually enriched radio program”.

At first the word “Normative Theory” was pronounced in USA during the height of ‘cold war’ with communism and soviet. Often it called as western theories of mass media.

A normative theory describes an ideal way for a media system to be controlled and operated by the government, authority, leader and public.

These theories are basically different from other communication theories because normative theories of press are not providing any scientific explanations or prediction.

At the same these “four theories of the press” were came from many sources rather than a single source. Sometimes media practitioners, social critics and academics also involved to develop these normative theories.

Normative theories are more focused in the relationship between press and the government than press and the audience. These theories are more concern about the ownership of the media and who controls the press or media in the country.

There are basically 5 types of advertising agencies.

Full Service Agencies
• Large size agencies.
• Deals with all stages of advertisement.
• Different expert people for different departments.
• Starts work from gathering data and analyzing and ends on payment of bills to the media people.

Interactive Agencies
• Modernized modes of communication are used.
• Uses online advertisements, sending personal messages on mobile phones, etc.
• The ads produced are very interactive, having very new concepts, and very innovative.

Creative Boutiques
• Very creative and innovative ads.
• No other function is performed other than creating actual ads.
• Small sized agencies with their own copywriters, directors, and creative people.

Media Buying Agencies
• Buys place for advertise and sells it to advertisers.
• Sells time in which advertisement will be placed.
• Schedules slots at different television channels and radio stations.
• Finally supervises or checks whether the ad has been telecasted at opted time and place or not.

In-house Agencies
• As good as the full service agencies.
• Big organization prefers these type of agencies which are in built and work only for them.
• These agencies work as per the requirements of the organizations.

It is a process of creating and distributing information throughout an organization. For example: newsletters, reports, presentations, speeches, media releases, promotional material, websites, and other digital content.

Basically, it deals with the internal and external aspects of company. The main goals of corporate communication are to create an image for the company, promote its products, and build relationships with customers.