UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,December-2019*

Over the course of the twentieth century, Britain and India, each in their turn, became arenas of competitive publicity wherein official propaganda vied with that of Indian political parties,

commercial organizations, non-official Europeans, popular pressure groups and their respective media. The two world wars intensified the need for imperial control and news management,

albeit in ways that were specific to large-scale international conflict. It is not intended to examine official war propaganda in this paragraph - a field that has received its fair share of academic attention - except to emphasise the advances made between the conduct of first and the second world wars by the Government of India and Whitehall,

both in their approach to the imperative for such actions, civilian and military, as well as the resources deployed towards this end. London continued to serve as the pre-eminent geographic epicenter for political news, as it had in the nineteenth century,

yet it is necessary to underline the global dimension of the information networks that had matured by the twentieth, encapsulated by, but limited to, institutional developments such as the Empire Press Union (EPU), as well as advances in transport technology (e.g. aviation) and the birth of new media (e.g. radio).

Founded in London during 1909, the EPU brought together under the aegis of the British press, journalists and news agencies of her dependent empire, including India, the Dominions, Crown colonies and protectorates.

The initiative was designed to harness the influence of communication and media technologies to the cause of imperial unity and to encourage intraimperial cooperation and cultural interchange in the sphere of journalism, with the overall aim being to create a transnational information community.

The prominent role of the British national press (Fleet Street) and Reuters international news agency as conveyors of information and conduits of influence continued apace, as did the reach of Reuters subsidiary catering to domestic news, the Associated Press of India (API), established in 1908.

Yet there were challenges to this supremacy: the substantive threat to Reuters' foreign monopoly, was led by the Associated Press of America (AP) and the United Press of America (UP).

Indians, too, had long resented Reuters' symbiotic relationship with the Raj, accusing the agency of subversion and subterfuge.

What did the two world wars contribute to competitive publicity?

The technological change and evolution in the printing, publishing and communications industry and increasing market requirements in terms of quality, costs and distribution of print media,

have led to a considerable change in the technologies and processes used for their production. Digitalization, automation, synergistic technologies and innovations are further signs of improvements, developments and new production methods and processes.

Demand on print media is also influenced by the spread of electronic media together with new possibilities in information storage and availability, production and design of print media and the creation of new multimedia products,

in particular as well as the workflow stages involved in media production. Processes and equipment used to produce print media require the use of a wide range of innovative technologies and components from all areas of technology and industry- the need for cross-functional,

interdisciplinary working is particularly strong in the graphic arts industry and therefore involves cooperating with partners from many industrial sectors.

It is the advances in computer and networking technology, digital control and processing of production equipment within the total production chain in print media creation - that is from concept to the final print media

product - which more than anything else have enabled the traditional production areas of prepress, press and post-press to evolve together and be realized for practical use.

Digital workflow has become a reality. Computer to technologies characterize production with their wide range of possibilities for realizing digital print production. Novel printing technologies, production methods and strategies have become possible and are being used in practice.

Digitalization has also created the premedia sector in which information for distribution is created as a digital master that forms the basis for duplication via both print media and electronic media. In order to produce the supply media products and services.

companies, management and technical personnel, trainees, teachers and instructors must adapt equally to existing and continually developing new structures, technologies and opportunities in today's information society.

Investment decisions must be made from a commercial, technical, market and customer specific point of view, based on a wide range of business and technical performance factors and criteria.

Information and knowledge on this meteoric development and new possibilities have been published in numerous books and papers in technical literature and presented and discussed at national and international symposia and conferences, but mostly only describing specific subjects.

What is the requirement in graphic arts industry?