UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,December-2019*

Total Questions: 100

41. When a variable at the nominal level is changed so that it can be amenable to higher order statistics, it is known as:

Correct Answer: A. Dummy variable
Solution:A dummy variable is an artificial variable created to represent an attribute with two or more distinct categories or levels or classes or codes.

Other names for dummy variables include Binary variables or Categorical variables or Qualitative variables or Dichotomous variables. The dummy variables can be used in regression analysis as easily as we use quantitative variables.

42. Truth is promoted in Public Relations as a model of:

Correct Answer: A. Public Information

43. Individual differences theory laid the foundation for:

Correct Answer: D. Psycho dynamic model
Solution:The increasing interest during the 1930s in individual differences in psychology and the development of attitude as a central concept in social psychology,

coupled with the decline of the instinct theories of the 1920s led to the development of a psychodynamic model of mass media effects. While the hypodermic-needle model may be thought of as essentially an S-R model, the psychodynamic model is S-O-R. De Fleur depicts this model as

and describes as its basic assumption "that the key to persuasion lies in modifying the internal psychological structure of the individual so that the psychodynamic relationship between latent internal processes and manifest overt behaviour will.

lead to acts intended by the persuader." The psychodynamic model is reflected both in Packard's (1957) well-known The Hidden Persuaders and in the large number of publications and research generated by Hovland and his associates in the Yale Communication and Attitude Change Program.

44. In media research, replication is done to confirm:

Correct Answer: D. Scientific fact
Solution:A research question or hypothesis must be investigated from many different perspectives before any significance can be attributed to the results of one study.

Research methods and designs must be altered to eliminate design-specific results-results based on, and hence specific to, the design used. Similarly, subjects with a variety of characteristics should be studied from many angles to eliminate sample-specific results,

and statistical analyses need to be varied to eliminate method-specific results. In other words, every effort must be made to ensure that the results of any single study are not created by or dependent on a methodological factor; studies must be replicated.

Researchers overwhelmingly advocate the use of replication to establish scientific fact. Lykken (1968) and Kelly, Chase, and Tucker (1979) identify four basic types of replication that can be used to help validate a scientific test:

  • Literal replication involves the exact duplication of a previous analysis, including the sampling procedures, experimental conditions, measuring techniques, and methods of data analysis.
  • Operational replication attempts to duplicate only the sampling and experimental procedures of a previous analysis, to test whether the procedures will produce similar results.
  • Instrumental replication attempts to duplicate the dependent measures used in a previous study and to vary the experimental conditions of the original study.
  • Constructive replication tests the validity of methods used previously by deliberately not imitating the earlier study; both the manipulations and the measures differ from those used in the first study. The researcher simply begins with a statement of empirical “fact” uncovered in a previous study and attempts to find the same “fact.”

45. Match the following film-makers with their films:

LIST-ILIST-II
(a) Laura Mulvey(i) The Tempest (1978)
(b) Ken Loach(ii) High Hopes (1988)
(c) Mike Leigh(iii) The Riddles of the Sphinx (1977)
(d) Derek Jarman(iv) Raining Stones (1993)

Choose the correct options from those given below:

Codes:

Option(a)(b)(c)(d)
A(iii)(iv)(ii)(i)
B(i)(ii)(iv)(iii)
C(iv)(iii)(i)(ii)
D(ii)(i)(iii)(iv)
Correct Answer: A.

46. What are the characteristics of scientific method of research?

(a) Empirical
(b) Predictive
(c) Cumulative
(d) Emphasis on single source
(e) Legitimate source

Choose the correct option:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b) and (c)
Solution:Scientific research may be defined as a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among observed phenomena.

This definition contains the basic terms necessary in defining the method of scientific research, and describes a procedure that has been accepted for centuries.

Characteristics of the Scientific Method: Five basic characteristics, or tenets, distinguish the scientific method from other methods of knowing. A research approach that does not follow these tenets cannot be considered to be a scientific approach.

1. Scientific research is public
2. Science is objective
3. Science is empirical
4. Science is systematic and cumulative
5. Science is predictive.

47. 'Toy Story' is the first animation film created by:

Correct Answer: C. Pixar
Solution:Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The feature film directorial debut of John Lasseter, it was the first entirely computer-animated feature film, as well as the first feature film from Pixar.

48. Out of the following, which are the Gestalt principles that aid in explaining visual perception?

(a) Figure ground separation
(b) Eye movement
(c) Grouping by proximity and similarity
(d) Information zones

Choose the correct option from those given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a) and (c)
Solution:

Gestalt theory postulates that people use principles to organize their perceptions. Some of the most important principles are figure–ground relation, proximity, similarity, common direction, simplicity, and closure.

49. The sequence of formal properties at interval level is:

Correct Answer: C. Symmetry, association, commutation, substitution, uniqueness
Solution:Attributes of the real world are ranked and the interval between each ranking is known precisely according to a scale of intervals. The choice of zero on an interval scale is arbitrary, i.e., it has no absolute meaning. The logical and arithmetic properties are as follows:

1. Symmetry of equivalence: If A = B, then B = A.
2. Asymmetry of order: If A > B, then B is not > A
3. Commutation: If A and B are real numbers, then A + B = B + A and A. B = В. А.
4. Association: If A, B and C are real numbers, then (A+ B) + C = A + (B + C), and (A. B) C = A(B. C)
5. Substitution: If A = B and A + C = D, then B+ C = D; and if A. C = D, then B.C=D
6. Uniqueness: If A and B are real numbers, then A + B and A. B produce a single real number, respectively.

50. Cultural imperialism perspectives emerged from the tradition of:

Correct Answer: B. Critical political economy