UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,December-2019*

Total Questions: 100

61. According to E.M. Rogers, communication is seen as a:

Correct Answer: A. Process of idea convergence
Solution:Rogers and Kincaid's (1981) convergence model described communication as a cyclical process, which involved the repetitive exchange and sharing of information between two or more individuals in order to reach a mutual understanding.

They stated: By means of several iterations or cycles of information-exchange, two or more participants in a communication process may converge toward a more mutual understanding of each other's meaning, obtain greater accuracy, and come within the limits of tolerance required for the purpose at hand.

62. In Film Fables, the French theorist Jacques Ranciére distinguishes between two kinds of art experience which are:

Correct Answer: A. (a) and (d)
Solution:The French film critic and theorist Jacques Rancière distinguishes in his Film Fables between two kinds of art experience. One he calls the 'poetics of action and representation', which is, for example, the basis of film storytelling.

The other he calls the 'poetics of presence' and it refers to the possibility of the whole of some phenomenon
or experience being contained in a single image 'statement'.

63. What technique combines live action performance and computer-generated animation?

Correct Answer: B. Motion capture
Solution:Motion capture (also known as motion tracking and mocap) is the process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model. It is used in military, entertainment (movies and video games), sports, and medical applications.

In filmmaking, it refers to recording actions of human actors and using that information to animate digital character models in 2-D or 3-D computer animation.

The process involves sampling movements of one or more actors many times per second. Then this animation data is mapped to a 3-D model, so the model performs the same actions as the actor.

This is comparable to the older technique of rotoscope. When motion capture involves faces or fingers or captures facial expressions, it is often called performance capture.

James Cameron's Avatar used motion capture to create the Na'vi that inhabit Pandora, and The Adventures of Tintin, directed by Steven Spielberg, is a 3-D motion-capture computeranimated film.

64. Match the characteristics of typefaces with the kinds of print type and print method:

LIST-ILIST-II
(a) Raised typefaces(i) Screen printing
(b) Computer-set type(ii) Hot metal type
(c) Lithography(iii) Cold type
(d) Use of mesh(iv) Offset

Choose the correct options from those given below:

Codes:

Option(a)(b)(c)(d)
A(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
B(ii)(iii)(iv)(i)
C(iii)(iv)(i)(ii)
D(iv)(i)(ii)(iii)
Correct Answer: B.

65. When media companies are owned by nonmedia business houses, it is called:

Correct Answer: C. Conglomerate ownership
Solution:Types of Newspaper Ownership in India: There are various types of media ownership. There are many media organization in the country that are owned and controlled by a wide variety of entities including corporate bodies, societies and trusts and individuals.

There are four major types of ownership of mass media. Chain, cross media, conglomerate and vertical integration.

Chain Ownership: Chain ownership means the same media company owns numerous outlets in a single medium, a chain of newspaper, a series of radio stations, a string of television stations or several book publishing companies.

Chain ownership in India applies mostly to newspapers. There are many publishing groups in India which fall into this category such as the group headed by the Times of India, Hindustan Times, Indian Express, Statesman, Ananda Bazar Patrika, Hindu, Telegraph and living media foundations.

Cross Media Ownership: Cross media ownership is when the same company owns several along with newspaper, magazines, musical labels, and publishers and so on. Cross-media ownership across the various carriers such as television, radio or print;

consolidation, including vertical integration among media operations of content, carrier and distributor within a media segment such as television or radio; and market share dominance in a given geography within each media segment.

Conglomerate Ownership: Conglomerate ownership means the ownership of several business one of which is media business. For example when a publishing company owns a newspaper along with chemical, fertilizer, cement, rubber or plastics factories,

or a liquor brewery or distillery or a major corporation has controlling shares in a number of media related business, the pattern is conglomerate.

In a conglomerate, there will be interlocking of directorships, which means the same persons will be directors of a media company as well as of manufacturing industries or financial corporations.

Infact several transport or lorry company directors are directing the destiny of newspaper, television or film production companies.

Their main business will be a high profit industry, but they run a media company for prestige or to exercise social and political influence on decision makers in the private or public sector and in the government of the day.

Such a conglomeration may not always support an unbiased or dispassionate presentation of events, issues and personalities. However, there are already at least six states where a single media house has a clear and growing dominance.

These are media groups that are emerging as national conglomerates. They are all in the news business as well as in entertainment, media distribution and network business.

They own newspapers, magazines, radio, cable TV and television channels, to name their key businesses.

66. According to Indian Penal Code, malice means:

(a) Malice in fact
(b) Ill-feeling or hatred
(c) Absence of good faith
(d) Improper motive
(e) Critical view
(f) Passive negation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (b) and (d)
Solution:

Motive and malice are two distinct words used differently in the law of torts, but they are entangled with each other. Motive means ulterior intent or inner drive which signifies the reason for a man’s conduct.

It is actually a chief moving force and moves the man towards a particular action. Intention signifies full advertence in the mind of the defendant to his conduct, which is in question, and to its consequences, together with desire for those consequences.

When an act is done with bad intention then it is called malice. Malice, therefore, means evil intent. Malice for a lay man or in common acceptance means ill-will against a person but in its legal sense a wrongful act, done intentionally, without just cause or excuse.

Thus malice is used in two quite different senses in the law of torts, namely, malice-in-fact and malice-in-law. When we take the meaning of malice in its ordinary sense, such as, ill-will, spite or hatred, then we call it as malice-in-fact.

Malice-in-law means a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse. Thus, Malice-in-law is implied in every case where a person has inflicted injury upon another in contravention of the law, without just cause or excuse.

Malice-in-fact is generally relevant in the torts of defamation on a privileged occasion, malicious prosecution, injurious falsehood, deceit and conspiracy.

For example, in an action of defamation if the defendant pleads qualified privilege, the plaintiff can defeat him by proving malice-in-fact. Malicein-fact is thus not entirely irrelevant in the law of torts.

67. Professional code of conduct for journalists includes the following

(a) Publication of material that would lead to crime
(b) Scurrillous writings against the authority
(c) Respect for information authenticity
(d) Respect for the integrity of sources
(e) Responsible in framing public opinion

Choose the correct option:

Correct Answer: D. (c), (d) and (e)
Solution:A journalistic code of ethics refers to a set of principles of professional conduct that are adopted and controlled by journalists themselves for collection and publication of news.

Some of the frequently found journalistic codes are truthfulness of information, clarity of information, standards of gathering and presenting information,

defense of the public's rights responsibilities in forming public opinion respecting the integrity of the sources. Ethical code of conduct also stress on the duty for journalist to promote human rights, democracy, peace and social progress.

68. The revenue model of print media business focusses on:

(a) More advertisements
(b) More news and editorials
(c) Less serious and more soft contents
(d) Infotainment
(e) More circulation
(f) More human resources

Choose the correct option:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (c) and (d)

69. Corporate communication campaign theories are linked to the following theoretical frameworks. They are:

(a) Systems theory
(b) Agenda-setting theory
(c) Social construction of meaning theory
(d) Legitimacy gap theory
(e) Social exchange theory

Choose the correct option:

Correct Answer: A. (a), (d) and (e)
Solution:In the corporate environment, issues campaigns focus on either opportunities or threats. Every corporation wants to function as autonomously as possible in its economic environment.

In that environment, an issue that could result in additional regulatory, legislative, or legal restriction is perceived as a threat to the organization's ability to function, and the organization attempts to resolve the issue before these restrictions become necessary.

In a parallel scenario, when the regulatory, legislative, or legal outcome is perceived as beneficial to the organization, the organization will attempt to further these actions.

Whether beneficial or restrictive, corporate efforts frequently take the form of management-level information campaigns that could involve coalition building, mass media or interpersonal contact, and usually behaviour change in the relevant organization.

Because these issues campaigns frequently involve or potentially involve regulatory agencies, legislative bodies, or court decisions, the issues both attract and compete for attention in the public arena, including media coverage.

An issue may also attract activist interest groups. Management of these corporate issues campaigns therefore involves negotiation with activist groups, included in the theoretical framework of powerful stakeholders.

The concept has been tied directly to at least five theoretical frameworks; systems theory, issue life-cycle theory, legitimacy-gap theory, powerful stakeholder theory and social exchange theory.

The concept of corporate issues campaigns and their resolution draws on several disciplines, most notably the public policy side of political science and business management, and includes much of public relations' emphasis on management-level communication that prepares and negotiates.

70. Three essential characteristics of the Information Society are:

(a) Increased supply of information
(b) Information poverty in society
(c) Growth of information consumption
(d) Information suppression in society
(e) Information application and effect

Choose the correct option:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (c) and (e)
Solution:Information Society: There is currently no universally accepted concept of what exactly can be termed information society. Most theoreticans agree that we see a transformation that started somewhere between the 1970s and today and is changing the way societies work fundamentally.

Broadly speaking, it refers to a society where the creation, distribution and manipulation of information is the main activity. It can be used in relation to an organization bringing together people, ideas and issues involving information.