UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,December-2019*

They maintain it is not a question of how much money we earn but how we want to spend our money, what we buy and the kind of advertising that will work on different people with different needs.

The characteristics of the people described and the kind of advertising that might appeal to them are the issue for Y & R. The classification types are the mainstreamer, the aspirer, the succeeder and the reformer.

The mainstreamer is apparently in need of things like security. The aspirer, as one would expect, wants the good things in life. The succeeder already has these but wants control. For the reformer it is the quality of life that is important.

Passing off may exist when one party affixes another's trademarks to its goods, adopts a trademark or trade name that is so similar to that of another that consumers are deceived about the source of the product or service,

substitutes the goods of one party when the goods of another maker were ordered by the consumer, or copies features of another's goods so that its goods are confusingly similar to those of the other.

The essence of the action is some representation by a defendant, whether direct or indirect, that causes consumers to be deceived about the source of their purchases.

For example, if a travern owner sells its lower quality cola as COKE or a merchant sells its own inferior headphones as BOSE headphones,

passing off has occurred because the sellers have represented their own goods as those of someone else. A variety of passing off is reverse passing off,

which occurs when a defendant markets a plaintiff's product as his or her own, in essence, "taking credit" for the plaintiff's goods. Reverse passing off typically occurs when a defendant purchases a plaintiff's goods, removes the plaintiff's mark or label, and then resells the item with the defendant's own mark or label (or with no mark at all).

* All except quartz are approximate values.

Nonviolent communication can be defined as a spoken, written, or nonverbal means of conveying and receiving information, for instance by sight or touch, with the goal of developing and sustaining healthy and productive relationships.

The interpersonal or inter-community relationships where nonviolent communication operates exist at various levels, from the intimate level of romantic partners, through the interpersonal level of friends, co-workers, or neighbours,

to the international level of representatives of nations and groups of identifiable people (sometimes such groups are officially stateless). Nonviolent communication often relates to, or invokes, an awareness of identity and cultural markers such as ethnicity, race, religion,

linguistic and national affiliations, and sexual orientation. Conflicts between persons or groups of persons often hinge on mutual misperceptions about one or more of these identity variables.

At the international level, diplomacy is a strategy of nonviolent communication that is designed to keep nation-states and groups of people-namely people who may neither be officially recognized residents of the state they live in nor reside in an officially recognized state-in dialogue over contentious issues.

An example of such a group is that of Tibetans, an ethnic minority living in the geographic place called Tibet, which is a disputed region inside China. Dialogue is the preferable nonviolent alternative to the parties shooting missiles at each other.

An example of an international conflict over stateless persons is that of Palestinians, who live in great numbers among the population of Jordan.

Palestinians generally identify religiously with Islam, yet symbolically they may be more associated with the state of Israel and with a desired future nation-state of Palestine,

despite a longstanding conflict with Christians and Jews. International diplomacy that conveys nonviolent communication between peoples and states in conflict has been closely associated with diplomats like former US President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.

Ironically, each of these men displayed deep religious beliefs in his own faith, so, while religion was a key factor in the conflict, their faith may have contributed to their ability, as leaders, to enact a forbearing and nonviolent form of respect for one another,

even as adversaries. Contrary to the dogma offered by xenophobic and "war on terror" propaganda, many world religions espouse nonviolence.

These leaders' contributions to peacebuilding included their active participation and engagement in historic peace talks; each brought a great sense of personal investment of time and energy, which created measurable, if tenuous, progress in the ever evolving Middle East Peace process.

control over the research conditions is necessary to eliminate the possibility of finding that y = f(b), where b is an extraneous variable.

Any such variable that creates a possible but incorrect explanation of results is called an artifact (also referred to as a confounding variable). The presence of an artifact indicates a lack of internal validity; that is, the study has failed to investigate its hypothesis.

For example, suppose that researchers discover through a study that children who view television for extended periods have lower grade point averages in school than children who watch only a limited amount of television.

Could an artifact have created this finding? It may be that children who view fewer hours of television also receive parental help with their school work; parental help (the artifact), not hours of television viewed, may be the reason for the difference in grade
point averages between the two groups.