UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,December-2019*

Copyright is a right which subsists in a number of different kinds of works such as literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, sound recording and cinematograph films. The Copyright Act, 1957 governs the law related to the copyrights in India.

The Copyright Act, 1957 as amended in 2012, supplemented by the Copyright Rules, 2013, with subsequent amendments, is the governing law for copyright protection in India. India is a member of the Berne Conventions and Universal Copyright Convention.

The Government of India has also issued the International Copyright Order, 1999, according to this order; any work first published in any country-which is a member of any of the above conventions-is granted the same treatment as if it was first published in India.

Copyright subsists throughout India in the following classes of works:

•Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;
•Cinematograph films; and
•Sound recordings.

Dickey focuses upon the audience, especially the urban poor in Tamil Nadu. Rejecting the elitist disdain of popular cinema as a mindless, immoral and divorced from reality,

Dickey believes, popular cinema could hold meaning for its audiences or provide insight into their lives, by providing answers and ontological solutions to everyday audiences.

She also notes the tendency to look down upon popular cinema that paradoxically exists even among the most frequent film viewers as well. Dickey states that MGR was the first actor to systematically organize his fan clubs, which begun in 1950s.

These fan clubs served as crucial grass-root networks. When he left DMK party to launch his own political outfit in 1972, AIADMK, it was his fan clubs, which served as his loyal political back-up.

Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The most common process is done through mechanical, chemical or digital devices known as cameras.

Photographic Cameras: The camera is the image-forming device, and photographic film is the recording medium. A camera works somewhat like the human eye, capturing reflected light from objects and through a camera lens and focusing those light rays into an image. Traditionally cameras recorded the image onto film. More recently through the development of computer chips, many cameras capture their images on a computer chip.

The computer chip then allows conversion of the image to digital data. Regardless of whether the photography is film or digital-based, the images can be made permanent and seen by an unlimited number of people.

Photographers control the camera and lens to “expose” the light recording material usually film or a charge-coupled device; a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor may also be used to the required amount of light. After processing, this produces an image.

Camera Placement: Placing a camera in the best position for recording realist or modernist images consists of three camera operations: framing, positioning, and movement.

Framing refers to the arrangement of actions and objects within the camera frame. Positioning includes the selection of camera-to-subject distance and angle, while movement of the camera is accomplished by means of various camera mounting devices.

Matrix management doesn't depend on big establishments of staff and facilities; indeed, publisher-broadcasters have no production capacity of their own at all. Rather, it makes every product a one-off task, bringing together people and resources for its realisation, purely on a project basis.