UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,June-2019*

(i) A system of regulation conducive to freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity of the media.

(ii) Plurality and diversity of media, a level economic playing field and transparency of ownership.

(iii) Media as a platform for democratic discourse.

(iv) Professional capacity building and supporting institutions that underpins freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity.

(v) Infrastructural capacity is sufficient to support independent and pluralistic media.

Taken as a whole, they provide an aspirational picture of the media ecology to be constructed in order to ensure freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity of the media.

In an experiment, there are many variables for a scientist to keep track of. A variable is anything that can change in an experiment. Some examples of variables include the heart rate of a runner,

how many bees visit a flower in a day, the temperature of water in a fish tank, and how much yeast is added to bread dough. The experimenter starts with a question to answer, such as ‘Which kind of exercise is most effective at increasing heart rate?’

After doing some research, they make a prediction, called the hypothesis. In this case, they might predict, ‘If a person does jumping jacks, then their heart rate will increase more than walking, jogging, or playing catch.’

In this example the manipulated variable is the type of exercise: jumping jacks, walking, jogging, and playing catch.

(a) “transmit” means to electronically send a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by a person or persons;

(b) “capture”, with respect to an image, means videotape, photograph, film or record by any means;

(c) “private area” means the naked or undergarment clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks or female breast;

(d) “publishes” means reproduction in the printed or electronic form and making it available for public;

(e) “under circumstances violating privacy” means circumstances in which a person can have a reasonable expectation that-

(i) he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image of his private area was being captured; or

(ii) any part of his or her private area would not be visible to the public,

regardless of whether that person is in a public or private place.

shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or fine not exceeding two lakh rupees, or with both.

What type of journalism does ‘Gone Gitmo’ fall under immersive journalism, the concept of ‘immersive journalism’, that is the production of news in a form in which people can gain first person experiences of the events or situation described in news stories.

Generally, well-crafted journalism elicits a connection between the audience and the news story. Creating that connection via different kinds of ‘immersion’ has long been considered an exemplary goal.

The fundamental idea of Immersive Journalism is to allow the participant to actually enter a virtually recreated scenario representing the news story.

The participant will be typically represented in the form of a digital avatar—an animated 3D digital representation of the participant, and see the world from the first-person perspective of that avatar.

In an immersive system such as a Cave the person may see their own real body, and their avatar only through shadows and reflections in virtual objects in the environment, though other people could also see the avatar directly.

In a system such as a head-tracked head-mounted-display (HMD) the person will see their avatar substituting their own body from a first-person point of view.

Ideally, depending on the extent of body tracking, the movements of the virtual body will match those of the movements on the person’s real body. The participant can enter the story in one of several forms:

as oneself, a visitor gaining first-hand access to a virtual version of the location where the story is occurring, or through the perspective of a character depicted in the news story.

Whether visiting the space as oneself or as a subject in the narrative, the participant is afforded unprecedented access to the sights and sounds, and possibly, feelings and emotions that accompany the news.

Charles Derber argues in his book People Before Profit, “These interacting institutions create a new global power system where sovereignty is globalized, taking power and constitutional authority away from nations and giving it to global markets and international bodies”.

Titus Alexander argues that this system institutionalises global inequality between western countries and the Majority World in a form of global apartheid, in which the IMF is a key pillar.

DART

During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.

DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART is one of the rating system that measures audience metrics in Rural India.

TAM & INTAM

In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement).

Exofficials of DD claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.

In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics. Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs.

In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data. This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.

For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.

aMap

In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched.

Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAМ monopoly was broken. What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.