UGC NET/JRF EXAM, (Paper-II) Dec.-2022 POLITICAL SCIENCE (SHIFT II)

Behavioral approach in the study of organization means use of behavioral science in the study of 'organizational behavior. The behavioral approach has contributed significantly to the development of management thought. It highlights the importance of recognizing the human element within organisations and emphasize the role of leadership, individual psychology and group behavior in achieving organisational effectiveness.

This question was dropped by NTA. F.W. Riggs, a political scientist and theorist known as the 'Father of Comparative Public Administration' noticed three trends in the comparative study of public administration over the post half-century
1. Normative to Empirical: Before WW-I, Public administration was normative, with countries adopting formulas for efficiency. After the war, it became empirical, focusing on reality & context.
2. Ideographic to Homothetic: The first one focuses on individual cases & distinctive features while the other one focus on general laws and principles.
3. Non-ecological to ecological: Riggs also observed a shift from non-ecological to ecological modes of thought.

Taylor's concept of 'Mental Revolution' stands tor 'Harmony and co-operation'. F.W. Taylor proposed the concept of 'Mental Revolution in his work The principles of scientific Managements (1911). This concept is a shift in thinking for both management & workers, and involves a change in attitude towards each other. The goal is for both parties to work together to improve the organization's profits and achieve maximum efficiency and productivity.

The bureaucratic model, developed by max Weber, is a highly organized and formalized system of administration. it's characterized by a top-down hierarchy, clear rules and procedures, and impersonal relationships. while it can be effective in maintaining order and account ability, it has several drawbacks including:
(i) Lack of normative factors of guiding action.
(ii) The multilayered systems and processes can slow down decision-making.
(iii) The strict rules and regulations can make it difficult to adapt to change and hinder communication.

Justice V. Balakrishana Eradi was the first president of the National consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), He was appointed on May 15, 1988 and served until December 31, 1990. At the time of his appointment, he was a sitting judge of the kerala High court and also served as its chief justice.
The NCDRC is a quasi-judicial commission established in 1988 under the consumer protection Act 1986. Its HQ is in New Delhi and its purpose is to provide quick, economical, and summary resolution of consumer complaints & disputes.

NITI Aayog was formed via a resolution of the union cabinet on 1 January, 2015. NITI Aayog or the National Institution for Transforming India is a policy think tank of the Indian government which provides inputs regarding the different programmes and policies of the government. NITI Aayog gives relevant advice to the centre and state governments as well as to the union territories.

The National food security Act, 2013, also known as Right to food Act, is an act to provide for food and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. The following one the salient features of NFSA, 2013:
1. Pregnant women will be entitled to meals.
2. Eldest woman of the household to be the head of household for the purpose of issuing ration card.
3. Pregnant women will be entitled for receiving maternity benefits of not less than 6000.

The philosophy of constitution is inspired and shaped through the constituent Assembly's resolution on 22d January, 1947. The resolution was presented by pt. jawaharlal Nehru as the objective resolution at the 3rd session of the constituent assembly of India on December 13, 1946. It proclaimed India as a sovereign Republic that is independent of any external ruler. The resolution laid down the fundamental principles that would guide the constitution of India and was later incorporated into the preamble ofthe constitution.

The division of powers between the union and state is notified through three kinds of the list mentioned in the 7th schedule of the constitution
1. Union list: It originally had 97 subjects, Now it has 100 subjects. Some of the important subjects are Defense, Army, Ports, Railways, International Relations etc.
2. State List: It has 61 subjects, Earlier, it had 66 subjects. Some of the important subjects are public order, police, public Health & sanitation, Hospitals and dispensaries ctc.
3. Concurrent List- The list originally consisted of 47 subjects, now, 52 subjects enumerated under it. some of the important subject are Education, Forest, Marriage, Adoption, etc.

The imposition of cash fines is the method that is least used, when it comes to exercise executive control through personnel management. the method involves imposing monetary penalties on employees as a form of disciplinary action.
Personnel management is a growing profession in Indian that involves and retaining employees to help an organization succeed.