UGC NET/JRF EXAM, (Paper-II) Dec.-2022 POLITICAL SCIENCE (SHIFT II)

Robert T. Golembiewski mentions three ‘anti-goals’ (what they reject) of the New Public Administration:

1. The literature of the new public Administration is Anti positivist which means they reject the public administration as value-free & a rationalist view of humankind.

2. The New-public Administration is Anti-Technical that means they decry the human being sacrificed to the logic of the machine and the system.

3. The new public Administration is more or less anti-bureaucratic and anti-hierarchical.

The following are the e-governance projects of government of Indian:
A. DARPAN: Digital Advancement of Rural Post office for A new India (DARPAN) is a project launched by the ministry of Communications to improve services and financial inclusion for rural population.
B. PRAGATI: Pro-Active Governance and Timely implementation (PRAGATI) is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.
D. Jeevan Pramaan: Jeevan Pramaan is a Life certificate program affiliated with Aadhar for people with pensions.

The UN Security council has the Primary responsibility for international peace and security. The general Assembly and the secretary-General play major, important and complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies.
The Economic and social council (ECOSOC) directly involved in the promotion of international economic and social cooperation and development.

Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (1960) book is written by English mathematician and physicist Lewis Fry Richardson which contains data on 779 dyadic fatal quarrels for the period 1809-1949.
The important conclusions of the book includes:
A. The problem of war does not arise from the diabolism of one or a few states.
C. Contiguity has been an important factor in war.
D. Nationalism has both induced and prevented wars.

The Washington Consensus is a set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries that became popular in the 1980s. The term was coined in 1989 by British economist john Williamson in a background paper for a conference convened by the institute for international Economics.
The consensus was supported by prominent financial institutions such as the international Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the U.S. Treasury. To obtain money from the IMF, Countries were usually required to implement free-market reforms.

The Nuclear Doctrine of India is based on the principle that India will only use a nuclear weapon in retaliation to a country's attempt of attacking India, its states or its army with a nuclear weapon.
The following principles are related to India's Nuclear Weapon:
A. Nuclear Doctrine is aimed at building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent.
B. The Nuclear command Authority is the sole body which can authorize the use of nuclear weapons.
C. India's Under Doctrine does not persist use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
The ethics of care is a moral approach that is contrasted with justice because men in general seem to employ their reasons to justify prejudices. We can clearly see that the reason is logically right for the given assertion.

Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Justice for all is compatible with equality means both principles emphasize fairness and impartial treatment for every individual, so that every individual has the same chance to thrive.
Justice requires positive liberty because it ensures individuals have the means and opportunities to exercise their rights and freedom effectively.
So, both statements are correct, however, the reason (R) does not directly explain or provide a causal relationship for the assertion (A).

Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
A. It means that the principle of satyagraha, as advocated by Mahatma Gandhi, is noted in nonviolence and love. It seeks to transform the opponent through compassion, understanding, and moral persuasion, rather than through physical force or harm. R. It means that passive resistance, unlike satyagraha, often involves tactice intended to inconvenience or disrupt the opponent. This approach aims to force the opponent to concede or negotiate by making their position untenable or uncomfortable, thus indirectly causing them distress or harassment.
So, the both (A) and (R) are not interconnected, hence, (R) is not the explanation of (A).

Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
It is true that Authority demands unconditional, unquestioning obedience and can therefore engender a climate of deference, the abdication of responsibility and uncritical trust in the judgment of theirs, because, Authority is a threats to reason and critical intellectual understanding.