UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Politics Including International Relations and Studies JANUARY-2025 – (PAPER-II)

Total Questions: 100

71. Correctly match the gender-related international conventions.

A. The first United Nations World Conference on Women was held in 1975 in Mexico City.
B. The UN General Assembly adopts the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1979.
C. The Beijing Platform was put forward in 1995.
D. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including the achievement of gender equality was adopted in 2000.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A, B, C only
Solution:A. The first UN World Conference on Women was held in 1975 in Mexico City – marking the beginning of global efforts on women’s rights.

B. CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) was adopted in 1979.

C. The Beijing Platform for Action was launched in 1995, during the Fourth World Conference on Women.

D. The SDGs, including gender equality goals, were adopted in 2015, not 2000.

Hence, Only A, B and C are correct.

72. Which among the following are true about global commons?

A. The Earth's atmosphere, Antartica, Ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
B. The global commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction.
C. The question of managing the global commons has reflected the North-South divide.
D. The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global commons than the countries of the South.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 1. A, B, C only
Solution:About Global Commons:

A. Correct – The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, deep oceans, and outer space are considered global commons, as they are not owned by any one state.

B. Correct – These areas are beyond national jurisdiction; no state has sovereign control over them.

C. Correct – The issue of managing global commons has highlighted the North–South divide. Developing countries argue developed countries overuse and restrict access.

D. Incorrect – It’s not entirely accurate to claim Northern countries are more concerned.

Both North and South have differing priorities: North emphasizes conservation; South emphasizes equity and development.

Hence, Only A, B and C are correct.

73. Which of the following is not correct for the thesis of the clash of civilizations?

A. The relative decline of the West
B. The rise of the Asian economy and its associated cultural affirmation
C. The never-ending quest of the West for market expansion

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. В, C only
Solution:Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” thesis emphasizes that future global conflicts will arise due to cultural and civilizational differences, not economic or ideological factors.

A. The relative decline of the West – Correct. Huntington argues that Western dominance is waning as other civilizations, especially the Sinic and Islamic, gain power.

B. The rise of the Asian economy and its associated cultural affirmation – Not central. While mentioned, it supports cultural assertion, not the economic cause of conflict.

C. The never-ending quest of the West for market expansion – Incorrect. The thesis focuses on cultural and religious clashes, not economic expansionism.

Hence, statements B and C are not correct representations of Huntington’s thesis.

74. Identify the incorrect answer in the following:

A. Globalization has contributed to certain extent of deterritorialization
B. State sovereignty has lost its significance due to globalization
C. One can witness time-space compression in a globalized world
D. The disaggregated state is the consequences of the process of globalization

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. B only
Solution:Identify the Incorrect Statement about Globalization:

A. Globalization has contributed to deterritorialization — Correct; it reduces the significance of national borders.

B. State sovereignty has lost its significance due to globalization — Incorrect; though globalization challenges sovereignty, states still remain powerful actors.

C. Time-space compression — Correct; globalization shrinks distances and time through technology.

D. Disaggregated state — Correct; globalization has led states reorganizing internally to adapt to global influences.

Hence, B is the incorrect statement.

75. Which of the following theoretical propositions is/are correct?

A. Constructivists argue that identity shapes perception of "reality"
B. Positivists argue that language shapes perception of "reality"
C. Post-positivists argue that there is an objective reality that can be measured

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A only
Solution:Theoretical Propositions:

A. Constructivists argue that identity shapes perception of reality — Correct; identity and norms define interests and actions.

B. Positivists argue that language shapes perception of reality — Incorrect; this view belongs to post-structuralists, not positivists.

C. Post-positivists argue objective reality can be measured — Incorrect; that’s positivism’s belief, not post-positivism’s.

Hence, Only A is correct.

76. Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (Agreements/Treaties)List-II (Year)
A. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)I. 1997
B. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)II. 1968
C. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)III. 1972
D. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)IV. 1996

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Solution:A. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) – Signed in 1972, it prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons.

B. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) – Came into force in 1997, aiming for the total elimination of chemical weapons.

C. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) – Adopted in 1996, it bans all nuclear test explosions for both civilian and military purposes.

D. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) – Signed in 1968, it seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

The correct matching: A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II.

77. Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (India’s operations)List-II (Related Issues)
A. Operation Cactus LilyI. Indo-Pak Border (1971)
B. Operation MeghdootII. Siachen Glacier (1984)
C. Operation PawanIII. IPKF (1987)
D. Operation Devi ShaktiIV. Afghanistan Evacuation (2021)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Solution:A. Operation Cactus Lily – Related to the Indo-Pak Border (1971) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, aimed at crossing the Meghna River and advancing towards Dhaka. (A–I)

B. Operation Meghdoot – Conducted in 1984 to secure the Siachen Glacier, giving India strategic control of the region. (B–II)

C. Operation Pawan – Launched in 1987 by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka to take control of Jaffna from the LTTE. (C–III)

D. Operation Devi Shakti – Conducted in 2021 for the evacuation of Indian nationals and Afghan partners from Kabul after the Taliban takeover. (D–IV)

The correct matching: A–I, B–II, C–III, D–IV.

78. Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (International Treaty/Accords)List-II (Year)
A. Paris Climate AccordsI. 1993
B. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)II. 1971
C. Oslo AccordsIII. 2015
D. India-USSR Peace and Friendship TreatyIV. 2017

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Solution:A. Paris Climate Accords – Signed in 2015 under the UNFCCC framework to limit global temperature rise. (A–III)

B. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) – Adopted in 2017 to ban nuclear arms completely. (B–IV)

C. Oslo Accords – Signed in 1993 between Israel and the PLO to promote peace in the Middle East. (C–I)

D. India-USSR Peace and Friendship Treaty - Signed in 1971, ensuring mutual strategic cooperation. (D-II)

The correct matching: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

79. Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (Ideas/Event)List-II (Scholar/Statement)
A. Era of Multiple SchismI. Samuel P. Huntington
B. Long TelegramII. Michael T. Klare
C. Thucydide TrapIII. George F. Kennan
D. Waves of DemocracyIV. Graham T. Allison

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Solution:A. Era of Multiple Schism – Michael T. Klare → Klare coined this idea to describe the fragmentation of the global order and multiple sources of geopolitical conflict. (A–II)

B. Long Telegram – George F. Kennan → Sent in 1946, it outlined U.S. policy for containing the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (B–III)

C. Thucydides Trap – Graham T. Allison → Concept describing the risk of war when a rising power threatens to displace an existing one. (C–IV)

D. Waves of Democracy – Samuel P. Huntington → Huntington identified three major waves of democratization. (D–I)

The correct matching: A–II, B–III, C–IV, D–I.

80. Match the List-I with List-II.

List-I (Thinkers)List-II (Books)
A. Kenneth WaltzI. After Hegemony: Co-operation and Discord in the World Political Economy
B. Robert O. KeohaneII. Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations
C. Andrew LinklaterIII. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
D. Hans J. MorgenthauIV. Theory of International Politics

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Solution:A. Kenneth Waltz – Theory of International Politics → A foundational text of Neorealism (Structural Realism). (A–IV)

B. Robert O. Keohane – After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy → Key Neoliberal Institutionalism work. (B–I)

C. Andrew Linklater – Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations → Reflects Critical Theory and cosmopolitanism. (C–II)

D. Hans J. Morgenthau – Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace → Classic text of Classical Realism. (D–III)

The correct matching: A–IV, B–I, C–II, D–III.