UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Politics Including International Relations and Studies SEPTEMBER – 2024 – (PAPER-II)

Total Questions: 100

51. Arrange the USA Presidents in chronological order of their tenure:

A. John F. Kennedy
B. Ronald Reagan
C. Barack Obama
D. Richard M. Nixon
E. Joe Biden

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A, D, B, C, Е
Solution:

A. John F. Kennedy (1961–1963): Served as the 35th President of the United States, elected in 1960 and assassinated in 1963. His presidency was marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis, the launch of the Apollo program, and early Civil Rights reforms.

D. Richard M. Nixon (1969–1974): Served as the 37th U.S. President. Known for ending U.S. involvement in Vietnam and opening relations with China, but resigned in 1974 following the Watergate scandal.

B. Ronald Reagan (1981–1989): The 40th President, known for his conservative economic policies, military buildup during the Cold War, and the INF Treaty with the USSR.

C. Barack Obama (2009–2017): The 44th President, and the first African-American to hold the office. He passed the Affordable Care Act and led the U.S. recovery from the 2008 financial crisis.

E. Joe Biden (2021–Present): The 46th President, formerly Vice President under Obama, took office in January 2021. His presidency focuses on pandemic recovery, climate change, and restoring international alliances.

52. Arrange political thinkers in reverse chronological order as per their life span:

A. John Locke
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Niccolo Machiaveli
D. Thomas Aquinas
E. Edmund Burke

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 1. B, E, A, С. D
Solution:

B. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): British philosopher and political economist, known for his works on liberty, utilitarianism, and women’s rights.

E. Edmund Burke (1729–1797): Irish statesman and philosopher, foundational conservative thinker, best known for critiquing the French Revolution.

A. John Locke (1632–1704): English philosopher, regarded as the “Father of Liberalism,” influential for his theories on government by consent and natural rights.

C. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527): Italian political theorist, author of The Prince, famous for pragmatic and sometimes ruthless political strategies.

D. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274): Medieval Catholic philosopher and theologian, whose ideas merged Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine, forming the basis of Scholasticism.

53. Organise the events related to North Korea in chronological order:

A. North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il died and was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-Un.
B. Chinese President Xi's first visit to North Korea as Chinese leader for fifth Xi-Kim Summit, Pyongyang.
C. UNSC adopts resolution 2014 condemning North Korean nuclear test and expands sanction.
D. Leap Day Agreement begins to unravel as North Korea launches Earth Observation Satellite.
E. US and South Korea militaries hold combined Ulchi freedom Guardian Excercise.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 1. А, D, C, E, B
Solution:

A. Kim Jong-Il died; Kim Jong-Un became leader (2011): Kim Jong-Il died on 17 December 2011, and was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-Un, marking a major leadership transition in North Korea.

D. Leap Day Agreement unravels as Earth Observation Satellite launched (2012): The Leap Day Deal made on 29 February 2012 between the U.S. and North Korea fell apart when North Korea launched a satellite on 13 April 2012, violating the agreement.

C. UNSC adopts resolution 2087 on nuclear test and sanctions (2013): On 22 January 2013, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2087, expanding sanctions following North Korea’s missile test.

E. Ulchi Freedom Guardian Exercise (annual, example 2015): This is a joint U.S.-South Korea military exercise, held regularly. For instance, a major iteration was held in August 2015, intensifying North Korean threats.

B. Xi Jinping’s first visit to North Korea for fifth Xi–Kim summit (2019): Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Pyongyang on 20–21 June 2019, marking the first Chinese leader’s visit to North Korea in 14 years, during the fifth Xi–Kim summit.

54. Arrange the wars in reverse chronological order:

A. Algerian War
B. Korean War
C. Dirty War
D. Russo-Japanese War
E. Persian Gulf War

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 4. E, C, A, B, D
Solution:

E. Persian Gulf War (1990–1991): Also known as Operation Desert Storm, it began in January 1991 when a U.S.-led coalition expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

C. Dirty War (1976–1983): A period of state terrorism in Argentina, when the military dictatorship targeted political dissidents; tens of thousands were tortured or disappeared.

A. Algerian War (1954–1962): Fought between France and Algerian independence movements, resulting in Algeria’s independence from France.

B. Korean War (1950–1953): A war between North and South Korea, with major U.S. and Chinese involvement; the war ended in a stalemate with the Korean Peninsula divided.

D. Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905): A conflict over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, ending in Japan’s victory and marking the first time an Asian power defeated a European one in modern warfare.

55. Arrange the events related to environment in reverse chronological order:

A. Greta Thunberg ushers into a new generation of activism.
B. Paris Agreement to combat climate change goes into effect.
C. The great Pacific garbage is mapped.
D. Antarctic ozone hole is discovered.
E. First Earth Day celebrated.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A, B, C, D, E
Solution:

A. Greta Thunberg ushers into a new generation of activism (2018 onwards): Teenage Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg began her “Fridays for Future” protest in 2018, igniting global youth-led climate movements.

B. Paris Agreement goes into effect (4 November 2016): This major international treaty under UNFCCC aimed to limit global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

C. Great Pacific Garbage Patch is mapped (2015): Research published in 2015 provided extensive mapping of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, revealing it to be far larger and denser than previously estimated.

D. Antarctic ozone hole discovered (1985): Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey confirmed a large ozone hole over Antarctica, bringing global attention to ozone-depleting substances like CFCs.

E. First Earth Day celebrated (1970): The first Earth Day was observed on 22 April 1970, initiating modern environmental awareness movements and the creation of environmental protection laws in the U.S.

56. Identify correct statements:

A. J. Ann Tickner is the feminist international relations theorist.
B. 'Edward Said' advocated the notion of 'orientalism'.
C. Immanuel Wallerstein is the pioneer of World System Theory.
D. Ulrich Beck examined the perils of globalisation in the book 'The Risk Society'.
E. Benedict Anderson's book is 'Pakistan: A Nation without Nationalism:

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A, B, C, D only
Solution:

A. J. Ann Tickner is the feminist international relations theorist: (Correct). She is one of the leading figures in feminist IR theory, advocating gender as a critical lens in analyzing global politics.

B. Edward Said advocated the notion of ‘orientalism’: (Correct). In his 1978 book Orientalism, Said critiqued the West’s stereotyped representations of the East.

C. Immanuel Wallerstein is the pioneer of World System Theory: (Correct). Wallerstein developed this theory to explain the global capitalist system divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

D. Ulrich Beck examined the perils of globalization in the book ‘The Risk Society’: (Correct). Beck’s Risk Society (1986) discusses global risks (like ecological and technological threats) and the complexities of modernity.

E. Benedict Anderson’s book is ‘Pakistan: A Nation without Nationalism’: (Incorrect). Benedict Anderson is best known for Imagined Communities (1983), where he explored nationalism. The statement about Pakistan is false and not his work.

57. Find out the correct statements from the following:

A. Russian revolution created world's first communist state.
B. Mao Zedong forced collectivization in 1920.
C. Lenin began the Long March in 1934,
D. Nuremberg trials began in 1946.
E. USSR exploded the nuclear bomb in 1949.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A, D, E only
Solution:

A. Russian revolution created world’s first communist state: (Correct). The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution led to the establishment of the USSR, the first communist state.

B. Mao Zedong forced collectivization in 1920: (Incorrect). Mao’s collectivization, especially during the disastrous Great Leap Forward, began in 1958, not in 1920.

C. Lenin began the Long March in 1934: (Incorrect). The Long March was a Communist Party of China retreat led by Mao Zedong, not Lenin.

D. Nuremberg trials began in 1946: (Correct). These were military tribunals held to prosecute major Nazi war criminals after WWII, starting in November 1945 and concluding in October 1946.

E. USSR exploded the nuclear bomb in 1949: (Correct). The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb on 29 August 1949, ending the U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons.

58. Find out the correct statements from the following:

A. Sun Tzu is the author of the book 'The Art of War'.
В. N. Machiavelli believed that human nature is characterized by selfishness and greed.
C. J. Hobbes discussed the grounds of political obligation in Leviathan.
D. I. Kant's theory was based on morality.
E. H.J. Morgenthau wrote the book 'The Twenty Year's Crisis, 1919-1939'

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. A, B, C, D only
Solution:

A. Sun Tzu is the author of the book ‘The Art of War’: (Correct). A classic Chinese military treatise attributed to Sun Tzu, believed to be written around 5th century BCE.

B. N. Machiavelli believed that human nature is characterized by selfishness and greed: (Correct). In The Prince, Machiavelli describes humans as self-interested and power-driven.

C. J. Hobbes discussed the grounds of political obligation in Leviathan: (Correct). In Leviathan (1651), Hobbes argues for a strong sovereign to maintain social order and enforce political obligation.

D. I. Kant’s theory was based on morality: (Correct). Immanuel Kant emphasized moral law, the categorical imperative, and universal ethics in his political and philosophical writings.

E. H.J. Morgenthau wrote the book ‘The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939’: (Incorrect). That book was written by E.H. Carr, not Hans Morgenthau. Morgenthau wrote Politics Among Nations.

59. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer:

A. Declaration of the State of Israel in 1958.
B. The Camp David Accords of 1978-79 led to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
C. The Suez Crises of 1956 led to Israeli invasion of the Sinai peninsula.
D. Al Jazeera was founded by Osama-binLaden in Afghanistan.
E. Noam Chomsky was the radical critique of mass media and US Foreign Policy

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 3. B, C, E only
Solution:

A. Declaration of the State of Israel in 1958: (Incorrect). The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948, not 1958.

B. The Camp David Accords of 1978–79 led to the 1979 Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty: (Correct). Brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, it led to the peace treaty signed in March 1979.

C. The Suez Crisis of 1956 led to Israeli invasion of the Sinai Peninsula: (Correct). During the 1956 crisis, Israel, Britain, and France invaded Egypt after Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.

D. Al Jazeera was founded by Osama-bin-Laden in Afghanistan: (Incorrect). Al Jazeera was founded in 1996 in Qatar and has no connection to Osama bin Laden.

E. Noam Chomsky was the radical critic of mass media and U.S. foreign policy: (Correct). Known for his propaganda model and books like Manufacturing Consent, Chomsky critically analyzes Western media and foreign interventions.

60. Identify the correct statements:

A. Samuél Hunington wrote the book 'The End of History and the Last Man'.
B. Huntington has also written the book "Political Order in Changing Society".
C. Joseph S. Nye supported the idea of soft power and smart power.
D. Susan Strange examined the instability and volatility of market-based economies in 'Casino Capitalism' and 'Mad Money'
E. Ayatollah Khomeini became Iran's supreme leader in 1979.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. B, C, D, E only
Solution:

A. Samuel Huntington wrote the book ‘The End of History and the Last Man’: (Incorrect). This book was written by Francis Fukuyama in 1992. Huntington wrote The Clash of Civilizations.

B. Huntington has also written the book “Political Order in Changing Societies”: (Correct). Published in 1968, Huntington analyzed political decay and modernization in developing countries.

C. Joseph S. Nye supported the idea of soft power and smart power: (Correct). Nye coined the term soft power and promoted smart power, a combination of soft and hard power tools.

D. Susan Strange examined the instability and volatility of market-based economies in ‘Casino Capitalism’ and ‘Mad Money’: (Correct). Both books critique global financial systems and power relations in international political economy.

E. Ayatollah Khomeini became Iran’s supreme leader in 1979: (Correct). After the Islamic Revolution in February 1979, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the first Supreme Leader of Iran.