UGC NET/JRF EXAM, September-2024 Labour and Social Welfare

Muzzaffar Ahmed was a prominent figure in the Indian communist movement and was instrumental in starting the Bengali weekly 'Janawani' in Calcutta. This publication was significant in the context of the freedom movement, providing a platform for the dissemination of socialist and communist ideas. Muzzaffar Ahmed, also known as Kakababu, was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India.

His contributions were not only in political activism but also in fostering a media channel to voice revolutionary thoughts, rallying support among the masses, and educating them on the principles of socialism and communism which were crucial during that era of India's struggle for independence.

The three C's model of Human Resource Development emphasizes Competence, Commitment, and Culture. These three components are vital in creating a comprehensive HRD strategy. Competence involves ensuring that employees possess the necessary skills and abilities to perform their tasks efficiently.

Commitment refers to the dedication and loyalty of the employees towards the organization, fostering a work environment that supports long-term employment and growth. Culture in HRD context relates to creating an organizational culture that supports learning and continuous improvement.

Communication, while important in HRD, is not summarized under the three C's model specifically, which focuses on the broader aspects of organizational capability and growth environment rather than just the exchange of information.

B.P. Wadia was the founder of the Madras Labour Union, one of the earliest labour unions in India, established in 1918. His efforts were pivotal in the labour movement in India, particularly in organizing textile workers in Madras (now Chennai). Wadia was deeply influenced by theosophical ideals and was actively involved in social reform and workers' rights.

His establishment of the Madras Labour Union marked a significant step in the history of Indian labour rights, providing a formal organization through which workers could advocate for better working conditions, fair wages, and other employment-related rights.

Perceptual organization refers to the process by which individuals group environmental stimuli into recognizable patterns so that meaning can be assigned to them. This psychological process is part of human cognition that helps in making sense of the world around us by organizing sensory information into meaningful elements.

It involves principles like similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure which allow individuals to identify patterns and relationships in chaotic environments. This capability is fundamental in everyday tasks and interactions, enabling people to recognize objects, navigate spaces, and understand complex scenarios quickly and effectively.

The contingency approach in management emphasizes that there is no one best way to manage and that management techniques and strategies must be dependent upon the circumstances. This approach argues that managerial actions must align with the aspects of the current situation, considering both the internal and external environments.

It promotes adaptability and flexibility in management practices, suggesting that decisions should be tailored based on situational variables and specific conditions at a given time. This approach contrasts with more rigid, one-size-fitsall strategies, providing a more dynamic framework that acknowledges the complexity and variability of real-world scenarios.

The 5 S technique is primarily associated with shop-floor housekeeping in manufacturing or workplace environments. The five S's stand for Sort (Seiri), Set in order. (Seiton), Shine (Seiso), Standardize (Seiketsu), and Sustain (Shitsuke).

This methodology is crucial for organizing a workspace efficiently and effectively, ensuring that items are accessible, the area is clean, and processes are standardized to maintain a productive work environment. Implementing the 5 S system helps in reducing waste, improving quality control, and enhancing safety by keeping the workplace orderly and clutter-free.

Theories related to accidents and risk-taking behaviour include Psychological theories, Structural theories, and Psychosociological theories. Psychological theories examine individual behaviours and mental processes that lead to accidents, focusing on perception, attitudes, and personality traits. Structural theories look at how the environment and organizational structure influence risk behaviours, suggesting that the design and systemic factors can increase or decrease the likelihood of accidents.

Psycho-sociological theories integrate both psychological aspects and social dynamics, exploring how group norms, leadership, and interpersonal relations impact risk behaviours.

The correct propagators for the listed theories of motivation are as follows: Adams is known for the Equity Theory, which posits that individuals are motivated by fairness in reward allocation. Clay Alderfer developed the ERG Theory, which categorizes human needs into Existence, Relatedness, and Growth needs. David C.

McClelland is famous for the Achievement Theory, emphasizing the need for achievement as a motivator. Victor Vroom proposed the Expectancy Theory, suggesting that motivation is a function of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Arranging the poverty elimination/ alleviation programs by their launch years: Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY) was launched to provide employment to urban unemployed or underemployed through the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

This program was followed by the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), aimed at promoting self-employment in rural areas. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was introduced to provide additional wage employment in rural areas alongside food security.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) later renamed MGNREGA, focuses on enhancing livelihood security by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household. Lastly, the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) was launched to encourage aptitude towards employable skills and increase working efficiency by providing quality training programs.

Under Section 16 of the Trade Union Act, 1926, the formation of a separate political fund for the promotion of civil and political interests is allowed. This section enables trade unions to engage in political activities, which are funded through voluntary contributions from its members and are kept separate from the general union funds.

This legislative provision recognizes the dual role of trade unions in both representing workers in employmentrelated matters and participating in broader political activities that can influence labour policies and workers' rights.