UGC NET/JRF EXAM, September-2024 Labour and Social Welfare

The scheme of workers' participation in management-1983 was specifically made applicable to Central Public Sector Undertakings. This scheme was introduced to promote increased involvement of workers in the management processes of these enterprises.

The objective was to improve decision-making processes by incorporating the insights and feedback of employees who are directly affected by these decisions. This involvement was intended to foster a sense of partnership between the management and the workforce, leading to improved productivity, efficiency, and morale.

According to the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, the bonus payable to an employee shall be paid within eight months from the close of the accounting year.

This statutory requirement ensures that employees receive their bonuses in a timely manner following the end of the financial year, providing them with additional financial compensation based on the profits or productivity of the organization they work for during that period.

This timeframe allows employers sufficient duration to finalize their financial calculations and distribute bonuses accordingly.

Under the provisions of the Employee Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, a Tribunal may rectify any mistake apparent from the record and amend the order within five years from the date of its original order.

This provision allows for the correction of errors that might have been overlooked during the initial judgment or decision-making process, ensuring that decisions remain fair and accurate over time.

The five-year period provides a substantial window to address these issues, reflecting the importance of accuracy and fairness in the administration of employee benefits.

The correct sequence of steps in human resource planning begins with analyzing the organizational plan (b), which involves understanding the overall strategic direction and objectives of the organization.

Forecasting the demand and supply aspects of human resources (c) follows, where future human resource needs are predicted based on various factors like market trends, economic conditions, and existing workforce capabilities.

Estimating the net human resource requirements (d) is the next step, determining the exact number of personnel needed. Plan to modify or adjust the organizational plan (a) is then made to align human resources with organizational needs.

Finally, planning to manage deficit/surplus of human resources (e) involves creating strategies to address any discrepancies between available and required human resources, such as through hiring, training, or restructuring efforts.

As per the provisions of the Mines Act, 1952, if any owner, agent, or manager fails to submit a draft bye-law after being called upon by the Chief Inspector or Inspector, the Chief Inspector or Inspector on his own may propose a draft of such bye-law as appears to him sufficient within two months.

This regulation ensures that mining operations are conducted safely and responsibly, with adequate rules in place to protect workers and manage operational procedures effectively.

The two-month period provides a reasonable timeframe for mine operators to respond to regulatory requests, after which the authority steps in to ensure compliance and safety standards are maintained.

According to the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the appropriate government for industries like Railways, Mines, and Oilfields is the Central Government. These sectors are typically regulated at the national level because of their strategic importance and the need for uniform standards across the country.

Railways facilitate interstate transportation and are crucial for national connectivity, thus falling under central regulation. Mines and oilfields involve resource extraction and energy production, industries that are vital to the national economy and often involve significant safety and environmental regulations at the national level.

A token strike is typically called for a short duration, such as a day or two, to serve as a warning to the employer about the potential for a more extended confrontation if demands are not promptly met.

This type of strike is not intended to cause prolonged disruption but rather to signal the seriousness of the workers' demands and their readiness to escalate their actions if necessary. Token strikes are strategic, aiming to leverage the threat of further action without incurring significant economic losses for either side.

Frank Tannenbaum developed the Technological Theory of Trade Unionism. This theory posits that the development of trade unions is significantly influenced by technological changes within industries.

As technology evolves, it impacts labour practices, job roles, and the organization of work. Tannenbaum's theory suggests that unions evolve to address the changes and challenges brought about by technological advancements, ensuring that workers' rights and interests are protected amidst these shifts.

The Advisory Committee constituted under the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, shall consist of ten persons nominated by the appropriate government, of which one-half shall be women.

This composition ensures gender representation and equality in discussions and decisions related to the implementation of the Act, which aims to prevent discrimination on the basis of sex when it comes to remuneration for work of similar nature.

The inclusion of women in the committee is crucial for providing insights and perspectives that might otherwise be overlooked in policymaking and enforcement processes.

The correct match between types of unemployment and their explanations is as follows:

(a) Technological unemployment occurs when changes in the techniques of production lead to unemployment (III), as advancements in technology can make certain skills obsolete.

(b) Structural unemployment arises when the economy faces structural changes like a decline in export trade, which affects the demand for certain types of jobs (I).

(c) Frictional unemployment is caused by the immobility of labour, shortage of raw materials, or breakdown of machinery (IV), and is often short-term as it relates to the time lag between jobs when individuals are searching for new employment.

(d) Cyclical unemployment is related to the trade cycle and occurs during periods of depression and recession when overall demand decreases (II), leading to reduced need for labour.