UGC-NET (NTA) Environmental Sciences, December-2019

A categorical or discrete variable is one that has two or more categories (values). There are two types of categorical variable, nominal and ordinal. A nominal variable has no intrinsic ordering to its categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) with no intrinsic ordering to the categories. An ordinal variable has a clear ordering. For example, temperature as a variable with three orderly categories (low, medium and high).

In Spanish, "la niña" means "the little girl." It got its name as a direct response to the phrase "El Niño," which means "the little boy," the Spanish diminutive often used to denote the Christ Child.

Nitrogen in water is measured as the common form nitrate (NO₃⁻) that is dissolved in water and readily absorbed by photosynthesizers such as algae. The common form of phosphorus measured is phosphate (PO₄³⁻), which is strongly attracted to sediment particles as well as dissolved in water. In excess amounts, both nutrients can cause an increase in aquatic plant growth that can disrupt the light, temperature, and oxygen levels in the water below and lead to eutrophication and hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen in water) forming a "dead zone" of no biological activity. Sources of nitrates and phosphorus include wastewater treatment plants, runoff from fertilized lawns and agricultural lands, faulty septic systems, animal manure runoff, and industrial waste discharge.

Gaura Devi was born in 1925 in a village named Lata in the state of Uttarakhand. She moved to a nearby village named Reni by the Alaknanda River. By the age of 22 she was a widow with a child. Her new village was near to the border with Tibet. Gaura Devi was elected to lead the Mahila Mangal Dal (Women's Welfare Association) in the wake of the Chipko movement. The organization worked on the protection of community forests.

The Coastal Regulation Zone has been classified as CRZ-I, CRZ-II and CRZ-III in the state for the purpose of regulation of the permitted activities.
CRZ-I: Ecological sensitive area and the area between High Tide Line (HTL) and Low Tide Line (LTL). No new construction is permitted except for a few specified most essential activities like support activities for atomic energy plants and defense requirements, facilities required for disposal of treated effluents and other port related water front activities.

The linear contrast stretch would be applied to each pixel in the image uses the algorithm

The 42nd amendment introduced Article 48А, part of the Directive Principles of State which read, "The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country." Article 51A (g), part of the Fundamental Duties read, "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India... to protect and improve the natural environment...".

Humidity is the amount of moisture (Water vapour) in the air.
Absolute humidity: Absolute humidity is the total amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30°C.

Relative humidity: The relative humidity of an air-water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour (H₂O) in the mixture to the saturated vapour pressure of water at a given temperature. Thus the relative humidtiy of air is a function of both water content and temperature.

Specific humidity: Specific humidity (or moisture content) is the ratio of water vapour mass to the air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass and is sometimes referred to as the humidity ratio. Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio", which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel.