Dance has occupied a central place in educational theory since the times of the ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who believed that dance contributes to aesthetic, moral, and intellectual values as well as to enhancing physical adeptness and over-all well-being.
Plato asserted, for example, that dance trains the mind and soul to differentiate among those forms of actions, feelings, and ideas capable of producing nobility of character and refinement of the mind. Aristotle ranked dance among the educational activities qualifying as ends or things of value for themselves.
As such, these activities help cultivate the mind. Subsequent philosophers including Lucian (100-200 A.D.), Castiglione (1478-1529), and John Locke (1632-1704), representing Hellenic, Renaissance, and modern empiricist cultures, all affirmed the importance of dance as a primary element in the development of an educated person.
In America, dance has been a part of education since Colonial times when dance masters provided the more prosperous families with training in graceful bodily movement and social skills. The immediate precursors of our modern approaches to educational dance were those educators who incorporated German theories of gymnastic dancing into programs for physical education.
The teaching of dance in the schools evolved as visionary educators like Dudley Sargent of Boston and others introduced "aesthetic dancing" as a part of physical education.
The main substance of these programs consisted of gymnastic type movements, but some also included ballet. The growing importance of dance at the beginning of the present century was recognized significantly when, in 1905, the American Physical Education Association chose dance for the theme of its national convention.
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: In America, modern approaches to dance education provided training in graceful bodily movements.
Statement II: Since colonial times, German theories of Gymnastic dancing was integrated in physical education.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Correct Answer: B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
Solution:Statement I is incorrect because the passage states that in Colonial America, dance masters provided training in graceful bodily movements, but this is not specifically attributed to modern approaches to dance education. Statement II is also incorrect because German theories of gymnastic dancing were incorporated into physical education programs by educators like Dudley Sargent, but this integration occurred in the development of modern physical education, not specifically during Colonial times.
Therefore, neither statement accurately reflects the information provided in the passage about the historical context and evolution of dance education in America.