UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, December-2023

India, referred to as Bharat in its constitution, has completed eight terms as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
These terms highlight India's ongoing involvement and commitment to global governance and international peace and security, reflecting its status as a significant player in international relations.

The Directive Principles of State Policy, part of the Constitution of India, explicitly roots the establishment of a social democracy in the country. These principles are guidelines to the central and state governments of India, intended to be kept in mind while framing laws and policies.
They emphasize creating a just society where health, welfare, and civil liberties are prioritized to ensure social and economic democracy.

The Organization of American States (OAS) was established in 1948. It was created to achieve among its member states-as stipulated in Article 1 of the Charter-an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence.
The OAS is one of the oldest regional organizations in the world, dedicated to regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states in the Americas.

Indian citizens abroad cannot claim benefits of rights guaranteed under ICERD (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) and CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) because the Government of India has ratified CERD/CEDAW with reservations.
These reservations mean that certain provisions of these conventions are not binding on India, thereby limiting the applicability of these rights under specific circumstances, which can affect citizens abroad.

The "Big Three" who played a lead role in designing the new organizationthe United Nations-were the Soviet Union, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom.
These three major Allied powers during World War II were instrumental in shaping the post-war world order, including the establishment of the UN itself.
Their leaders, Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill, respectively, were key figures in the negotiations that led to the creation of the United Nations.

The Brundtland Commission, formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), made "sustainable development" a widely accepted term through its 1987 report, "Our Common Future". The commission defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
This concept has since become a foundational principle for global environmental policy and planning.

Among the listed options, Information and Technology do not fall within UNESCO's direct competence. UNESCO primarily focuses on education, science, culture, and communication.
While information technology might intersect with these areas, particularly in communication, the organization's core mission and activities are more centered around educational and cultural development, scientific research and cooperation, and promoting free access to information and preservation of world heritage.

Brazil hosted the Earth Summit in 1992, officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro.
This pivotal conference brought together representatives from around the world to address pressing environmental issues, including climate change, biodiversity, and sustainable development, leading to the adoption of Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development.

The largest gathering of world leaders in history assembled at the United Nations in 1990 to attend the World Summit for Children.
This was the first exclusive global summit focused entirely on children's issues, highlighting the international community's commitment to addressing critical challenges affecting children such as nutrition, primary health care, and education. This summit set important targets and strategies for improving child welfare globally.

Bar-Tal defined dehumanization as a form of collectively shared delegitimized belief in which a group is given a subhuman or demonic label. This psychological concept explains how complex societies come to accept and enact violence or discrimination against other groups by perceiving them as less than human, thus easing the moral conflict associated with harmful behaviors.
Dehumanization is a crucial factor in understanding the dynamics of conflict and prejudice.