UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, FEBRUARY-2023

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was established in 1982, following the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979. The committee is tasked with monitoring the implementation of the convention by its state parties.
Every four years, states must submit à report detailing their compliance and the measures they've undertaken to eliminate discrimination against women.
CEDAW then reviews these reports and provides feedback, including recommendations for further actions.

The ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) is not a body but an international treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966. It seeks to ensure the protection of civil and political rights.
The Human Rights Committee (HRC) is the treaty body that monitors the implementation of the ICCPR. On the other hand, CESCR, HRC, and CEDAW are all treaty bodies responsible for overseeing the implementation of their respective human rights treaties.

The Advisory Jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights was introduced by Protocol No. 2 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
The advisory jurisdiction allows the highest courts and tribunals of a member state to request the European Court of Human Rights to give advisory opinions on questions of principle relating to the interpretation or application of the rights and freedoms defined in the Convention or the protocols thereto.

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights is authorized to receive petitions from persons or groups of persons, or non-governmental entities legally recognized in one or more member states. The Inter-American system is vital in the Western Hemisphere for monitoring and promoting human rights.
This system allows a broad range of actors, including individuals and NGOs, to bring alleged human rights violations to the attention of the Commission, ensuring that states are held accountable for upholding their human rights obligations.

World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7th April. This day marks the anniversary of the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. Each year, World Health Day is centered around a unique health theme determined by current pressing global health concerns.
Celebrating this day provides an opportunity to raise awareness about health issues and challenges faced globally.
Over the years, various campaigns on World Health Day have addressed critical health issues such as mental health, maternal and child care, and climate change.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) has its headquarters in Paris, France. Established in 1945, UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture, and communication/information. Its aim is to build peace in the international community through collaboration in these domains. Paris, often deemed as an epicenter for art, culture, and science, provides a fitting location for an organization deeply intertwined with these subjects.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was initially created as a part of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I. Established in 1919, the ILO was formed to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection, and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.
The Treaty of Versailles, while largely remembered for its conditions on Germany post-WWI, also had broader objectives, including promoting international cooperation and achieving peace through social justice, which the ILO aimed to achieve.

The Permanent Court of International Justice, often referred to as the World Court,. was based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice.The Court was the primary judicial arm of the League of Nations and was active from 1922 to 1946.
It was replaced after World War II by the International Court of Justice, which now serves as the main judicial branch of the United Nations.

The United Nations Charter was adopted in 1945 at the San Francisco Conference. Representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco from April to June 1945 to draft the Charter. This monumental meeting aimed to establish a new international order that would prevent future wars and ensure a foundation for international cooperation.
The Charter is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, and it details the purposes, principles, and structure of the UN.