UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, FEBRUARY-2023

• Jus Cogens (IV. Fundamental and overriding principle that cannot be set aside): This term refers to certain fundamental, overriding principles in international law that no state can derogate from, such as the prohibitions against genocide and slavery.
• Pacta sunt servanda (III. Agreement must
  be kept): This Latin maxim means "agreements must be kept" and is a foundational principle of international law that obligates parties to keep their treaty obligations.
• Nasciturus (I. A person who is to be born): This term refers to an unborn child, often in the context of inheritance or other rights that might be attributed to someone not yet born.
• Erga omnes (II. Towards everyone): In international law, obligations that are erga omnes are owed to the international community as a whole.

• Committee on Migrant Workers (III. 2003): Established to monitor the implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.
• Committee against Torture (J. 1987): This committee oversees the implementation of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
• Committee on Enforced Disappearance (II. 2010): Monitors the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
• Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (IV. 2008): Oversees the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

• Liberal Feminism (III. Equal access for women and men to the public realm): Liberal feminists advocate for the elimination of barriers to women's equal participation in public and private life.
• Radical Feminism (IV. Radical transformation of all spheres of life):
  Seeks to challenge and overthrow patriarchy by opposing traditional gender roles and systemic sexism.
• Socialist Feminism (I. Restructure economic life to achieve gender equality): Combines Marxist and feminist views, emphasizing the role capitalism plays in perpetuating gender inequality.
• Postmodern Feminism (II. Embrace fluid, free-floating Gender identities): Challenges the traditional concepts of gender, emphasizing the fluidity and diversity of gender identities.

• Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (II. Article 48): The state shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.
• Living wage for workers (III. Article 43): The state shall endeavor to secure a living wage and decent working conditions for workers.
• Co-operative Societies (IV. Article 43 A): Promotes voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, and democratic control of cooperative societies.
• Safeguarding of forests and wildlife (I. Article 48 A): The state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.

• Jeeja Ghosh v Union of India (III. Right to Human Dignity): The Supreme Court emphasized the right to dignity, nondiscrimination, and freedom of movement for persons with disabilities in this case.
• Prem Shankar Shukla v Delhi Admn (IV. Right against handcuffing): The court held that handcuffing of prisoners without there being sufficient cause is in violation of their rights under Article 21.
• Ramlila Maidan Incident, In Re (I. Right to sleep at night): This case stemmed from an incident where sleeping protesters at Ramlila Maidan were forcibly evicted. The Supreme Court held that the right to sleep is a facet of the right to life under Article 21.
• K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (II. Right to Privacy): A landmark judgment where the Supreme Court declared the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21.

The chronological order for the statutes related to women is as follows:
(a) Dowry Prohibition Act: This Act was passed in 1961, aimed at preventing the giving or receiving of a dowry. Despite this law, dowry is still a prevalent issue in India.
(c) National Commission for Women Act: Passed in 1990, this Act established the National Commission for Women, a statutory body that addresses issues of women's rights and safety.
(e) Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of sex selection) Act: This 1994 Act was introduced to combat the alarming trend of sex-selective abortions resulting from a societal preference for male children.
(d) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act: Enacted in 2005, this law aims to provide more effective protection to women who are victims of violence within family or in live-in relationships.
(b) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act: Passed in 2013, this Act seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their workplace.

The chronological order of these historic documents is:
(a) Magna Carta: Signed in 1215, it is one of the most celebrated documents in history. It established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals and the right to justice.
(d) Petition of Rights: A major English constitutional document that set out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing, dated 1628.
(b) Bill of Rights: An Act from 1689, it declared the rights and liberties of the subjects and settled the succession in William III and Mary II.
(e) Act of Settlement: Passed in 1701, this Act determined the line of succession after William III and Mary II.
(c) Crown Proceedings Act: This is a 1947 Act which made it possible to bring civil actions against the Crown.

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala: This landmark 1973 case established the basic structure doctrine, ensuring that Parliament cannot alter the fundamental nature of the Constitution.
(a) Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain: In 1975, this case resulted in a declaration that the election of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was void due to electoral malpractice.
(e) Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiva Kant Shukla: Dated 1976, this case, commonly known as the Habeas Corpus case, controversially determined that detainees don't have the right to any legal remedies against their detention during a state of emergency.
(c) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India: This 1978 case expanded the interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution, relating to personal liberty. (d) Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India: In 1984, this case addressed issues related to bonded labor in India.

M.R. Balaji v. State of Mysore: A 1963 case that dealt with the extent of reservations that could be made under Article 15(4) of the Constitution.
(a) T. Devadasan v. U.O.I.: This 1964 case questioned the validity of the "carry forward rule" in reservations.
(d) Unnikrishnan and others v. State of A.P.: This 1993 judgment related to the capitation fee in professional colleges.
(c) I.R. Coelho v. State of T.N.: In 2007, this judgment clarified the extent to which laws put in the Ninth Schedule could be immune from judicial review.
(e) Janhit Abhiyan v. U.O.I.: This case pertains to reservations and presumably is the latest among the mentioned cases.

Naz Foundation v. Goyt of NCT of Delhi: In 2009, the Delhi High Court decriminalized homosexuality by declaring Section 377 of the IPC as unconstitutional.
(b) Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation: This 2013 Supreme Court judgment overturned the Naz Foundation verdict and recriminalized homosexuality.
(e) K.S. Puttaswamy v. U.O.I.: A landmark 2017 case where the Supreme Court declared the right to privacy as a fundamental right.
(a) Navtej Johar v. U.O.I.: In 2018, the Supreme Court overruled the Koushal verdict and decriminalized homosexuality.
Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration T.N.: In 2019, "The case of Arunkumar v. Inspector General of Registration is the first judgment in India where the right to marry under Article 21 of the constitution has been affirmed for transgender persons and holding that 'bride' under the Hindu Marriage Act would cover transgender persons who identify as women.