UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, JUNE-2025

Total Questions: 100

91. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:

Human rights are the foundation of human dignity and freedom in every civilized society. These rights such as right to life and liberty, freedom of speech and expression are often taken for granted until they are challenged. Beside these rights our constitution bestows fundamental duties also.
A person who enjoys freedom of speech must also restrain from giving hate speech. Similarly, the right to education brings the duty to seek knowledge with integrity and respect for other's learning.
In a globalized world, it is easy to demand rights, but how often do individual reflect on the duties that sustain a just society is obvious. When people ignore the needs of vulnerables, their silence challenge the very idea of universal human rights.
The balance between rights and responsibilities is delicate-too much emphasis on one can weaken the other. As societies evolve, so do the expectation placed on individuals and institutions alike.
The real test lies in whether people recognize that rights are not gifts, but shared values that demand active participation of all. Without this awareness, true equality and justice cannot be fully realized.
Which of the following is not a reasonable restriction imposed over the freedom conferred by the Article 19 (1)(a) of the Constitution?

Correct Answer: 4. Pre-censorship on the Press
Solution:

Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech and expression, and Article 19(2) allows reasonable restrictions only on specific grounds such as security of the State, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, incitement to an offence, and integrity of India.
Pre-censorship of the press is not one of the permissible restrictions; the Supreme Court has held in Brij Bhushan vs. State of Delhi (1950) that prior restraint violates the freedom of the press. Therefore, pre-censorship is not a reasonable restriction under Article 19(2).

92. Right to personal liberty is an integral part guaranteed under which part of the constitution?

Correct Answer: 2. Part-III
Solution:

The Right to Personal Liberty is guaranteed under Article 21, which is part of Part II - Fundamental Rights. This part protects crucial rights such as equality, freedom, life and liberty, and constitutional remedies. Through various landmark judgments (Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, A.K. Gopalan),
Article 21 has been interpreted broadly to include a wide range of liberties essential for human dignity

93. The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children:

Correct Answer: 3. Of the age of six to fourteen years
Solution:

Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002), mandates the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. This right is operationalised through the Right to Education Act (2009).
Children below six and above fourteen are not covered under Article 21A, though Article 45 deals with early childhood care.

94. Which of the following Articles obligates the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker section of the people?

Correct Answer: 3. Article 46
Solution:

Article 46 directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
It is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) and forms the foundation of many welfare schemes aimed at marginalised communities.

95. By which amendment fundamental duties were inserted in the Constitution of India?

Correct Answer: 2. The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976
Solution:

Fundamental Duties were inserted into the Constitution by Article 51A through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. This amendment added ten fundamental duties, reflecting the responsibility of citizens toward the nation. Later, an eleventh duty was added by the 86th Amendment (2002) concerning education for children.

96. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:

The globalization of production is aptly captured by phrases like 'from national production to global production', 'from local markets to global markets.' Transnational Corporations (TNCs) play significant role in this process. TNCs account for major part of the global production and international trade.
World has also seen surge in transnational direct investment. As per the liberal school of thought, TNCs are responsible for direct investment and technological inflow in the developing countries. According to the thought, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) provides additional resources, adds revenue, increases tax base, fosters division of labour and improves balance of payments.
Indirectly, TNCs, through FDI, inject entrepreneurship, bring more effective resource allocation and enhance national welfare. Critiques, however, argue that TNCs transfer very few and wrong kind of resources, lower tax paid, promote division of labour likely to be in the company's interest and worsen the balance of payment.
Further more, they fail to change local business culture and undermine human rights. In order to attract foreign investment, governments of developing countries embark on many incentives, including creation of Export Processing Zones (EPZs).
EPZs are attractive to TNCs, since they offer low-wage labour with minimal external costs. As per an ILO study, 'The frequent absence of minimal standards and poor labour-management relations have predictable excessive wastage of materials and labour and labour unrest which are still too common in EPZs.
' Furthermore, majority of big TNCs are located in three countries, namely the USA, China and Japan. In addition, only 17 out of 500 major TNCs have appointed a women chief executive officer.
Division of labour at top leadership of TNCs facilities gender______.

Correct Answer: 4. Inequality
Solution:

The passage clearly mentions that only 17 out of 500 major TNCs have appointed a woman CEO, indicating an imbalanced distribution at the top levels. This unequal representation shows that the division of labour at leadership positions produces gender inequality, not justice or freedom.
The context of leadership underrepresentation directly points to lack of parity, hence gender inequality.

97. TNCs play significant role in______.

Correct Answer: 2. Economic globalization
Solution:

The passage states that TNCs contribute to the shift "from national production to global production" and "from local markets to global markets." This explicitly places TNCs at the centre of global economic integration, trade expansion, and foreign direct investment.
Therefore, TNCs primarily advance economic globalization, not cultural revolution or nationalisation.

98. According to liberal school of thought, TNCs enhance______.

Correct Answer: 1. National welfare
Solution:

According to the liberal school of thought, TNCs bring "additional resources," "increase tax base," "improve balance of payments," "inject entrepreneurship," and "enhance national welfare."
These points clearly show that liberals believe FDI contributes positively to economic well-being and national prosperity. Thus, the correct answer is national welfare.

99. Majority of big TNCs are located in_______.

Correct Answer: 2. Very few countries
Solution:

The passage states that "majority of big TNCs are located in three countries, namely the USA, China and Japan." This indicates a high geographical concentration.
They are not spread globally or restricted to only one region like North America or Europe. Therefore, the correct description is very few countries.

100. According to the ILO study, the EPZs provide________.

Correct Answer: 1. Cheap labour
Solution:

The passage says EPZs attract TNCs because they offer"low-wage labour with minimal external costs." The ILO study highlights poor labour standards, unrest, and wastage.
Nothing indicates gender equity or justice. Hence EPZs primarily provide cheap labour, which is the reason for their attractiveness to TNCs.