UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, JUNE-2025

Universal Declaration of Human Rights → C. Genocide Convention → A. Declaration on Torture (Convention Against Torture) → B. Convention on the Rights of the Child:
D. Universal Declaration of Human Rights- Adopted on 10 December 1948, it is the first comprehensive international statement of human rights and forms the philosophical foundation for later treaties.
C. Genocide Convention - Adopted on 9 December 1948, one day before UDHR, but historically placed after UDHR in human-rights chronology because it operationalises UDHR principles through a binding treaty.
A. Declaration on Torture/Convention Against Torture - Adopted in 1984; this treaty mandates prohibition, prevention and punishment of torture worldwide.
B. Convention on the Rights of the Child - Adopted on 20 November 1989, it is the most comprehensive and widely ratified treaty on children's rights.
Thus, the correct chronological order is: 1948 (D) → 1948 (C) → 1984 (A) → 1989 (B).

B. Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kerala
→ А. Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India
→ D. Minerva Mills vs. Union of India
→ C. Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan:
B. Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kerala - Decided in 1973; this case propounded the Basic Structure Doctrine, holding that Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution.
A. Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India - Decided in 1978; it expanded the meaning of Article 21 to include "procedure established by law" as fair, just and reasonable, transforming the interpretation of Fundamental Rights.
D. Minerva Mills vs. Union of India - Decided in 1980; it further clarified the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, reaffirming the Basic Structure Doctrine.
C. Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan - Decided in 1997; it laid down the Vishaka Guidelines against sexual harassment at the workplace, deriving norms from international conventions like CEDAW. Chronologically: 1973 (B) → 1978 (A) → 1980 (D) → 1997 (С).

B. ILO Convention on Rights of Indigenous and Tribal Population → A. Working Group on Indigenous Population→ C. ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries → D. UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous People:
B. ILO Convention No. 107 – “Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Populations" adopted in 1957; it was the first international instrument dealing specifically with indigenous and tribal populations rights.
 A. UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations - Established by the UN Sub-Commission in 1982 to review developments and draft standards concerning indigenous rights.
C. ILO Convention No. 169 - “Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries," adopted in 1989, modernising and partially replacing Convention 107; it emphasises consultation and participation.
D. UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - UNDRIP - Adopted in 2007; it is a comprehensive, nonbinding declaration recognising wideranging collective and individual rights of indigenous peoples.
Thus, the timeline is 1957 (B) → 1982 (A) → 1989 (C) → 2007 (D).

2. UN's Environment Programme (UNEР) →1. Brundtland Commission Report → 4. Montreal Protocol →3. Kyoto Protocol: Here, using the numbering in the question:

• UNEP (2/B) - The United Nations Environment Programme was created in 1972 following the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment; it became the central UN body for global environmental coordination.
• Brundtland Commission Report (1/A) - Officially "Our Common Future", published in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development; it popularised the concept of sustainable development ("development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs").
• Montreal Protocol (4/D) - Adopted in 1987; an international treaty to phase out ozone-depleting substances (like CFCs). Considered one of the most successful environmental treaties, it implements the Vienna Convention (1985).
• Kyoto Protocol (3/C) - Adopted in 1997; it sets binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for developed countries under the UNFCCC framework.

Chronological order of the items listed in the question (2 → 1 → 4 → 3) corresponds to B, A, D, C.

A. St. James Palace Declaration → B. Tehran Conference → C. Dumbarton Oaks Conference → D. San Francisco Conference:
A. St. James Palace Declaration - Signed in June 1941 in London by representatives of the Allied powers; it expressed the first collective commitment to a post-war international peace organisation.
B. Tehran Conference - Held in 1943, the first meeting of the "Big Three" (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin). They discussed war strategy and broadly agreed on creating a future international organisation to maintain peace.
C. Dumbarton Oaks Conference - Held in 1944 in Washington D.C. (Dumbarton Oaks), where detailed proposals for the structure and functions of the future United Nations were drafted.
D. San Francisco Conference - Held from April to June 1945, where 50 nations finalised and signed the UN Charter, formally establishing the United Nations.
Chronologically, these events clearly follow A (1941) → В (1943) → С (1944) → D (1945).

B. Brahmo Samaj A. Prarthana Sabha → C. Satya Shodhak Samaj → D. Arya Samaj:
B. Brahmo Samaj - Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, it was the earliest major social-religious reform movement in modern India.
A. Prarthana Sabha - Formed in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, promoting monotheism and social reform.
C. Satya Shodhak Samaj - Founded by Jyotirao Phule in 1873 to work against caste oppression, Brahmanical dominance, and social inequality.
D. Arya Samaj - Established by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875, emphasising Vedic revivalism and social reform.
Chronological order: 1828 (B) → 1867 (A) → 1873 (C) → 1875 (D).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights → C. ICCPR A. American Convention → D. African Charter:
B. Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Adopted in 1948, it is the foundational document of modern international human rights law.
C. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - ICCPR - Adopted in 1966, entered into force in 1976.
A. American Convention on Human Rights - Adopted in 1969 at San José, Costa Rica ("Pact of San José").
D. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights - Adopted in 1981 at Nairobi (OAU Summit).
Thus, earliest to latest: 1948 (B) → 1966 (C) →1969 (А) → 1981 (D).

B. National Commission for Women→ D. National Human Rights Commission → С. National Commission for Safai Karamcharis → A. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights:
B. National Commission for Women - NCW - Established in 1992 under the NCW Act, 1990.
D. National Human Rights Commission - NHRC - Established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
C. National Commission for Safai Karamcharis - NCSK - First set up in 1994 as a statutory body under the NCSK Act, 1993 (later became a non-statutory commission after 2004).
A. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights - NCPCR - Established in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
Chronological order: 1992 → 1993 → 1994
→ 2007, i.e., B, D, C, A.

C. Declaration on the Rights of the Child → D. Convention on the Rights of the Child → B. Optional Protocol on involvement of children in armed conflict A. Optional Protocol on sale of children, child prostitution & child pornography:
C. Declaration on the Rights of the Child - Adopted in 1959, setting initial principles of child protection.
D. Convention on the Rights of the Child - CRC - Adopted in 1989, most widely ratified human-rights treaty.
B. Optional Protocol: Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict - Adopted in 2000, raising the minimum age for participation in hostilities.
A. Optional Protocol: Sale of Children, Child Prostitution & Pornography - Also adopted in 2000, but after the "armed conflict" protocol. Thus, accurate order: 1959 (C) 1989 (D) → 2000 (B) → 2000 (A).

D. CERD → С. СEDAW - В. CRC A. CRPD:
D. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination - CERD - Adopted in 1965, the earliest major UN human-rights treaty listed here.
C. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - CEDAW - Adopted in 1979, often called the women's bill of rights.
B. Convention on the Rights of the Child - CRC - Adopted in 1989; protects children's rights comprehensively.
A. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - CRPD - Adopted in 2006, the most recent among the four.
Therefore, the chronological sequence is: 1965 (D) → 1979 (C) → 1989 (В) → 2006 (A).