UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, JUNE-2025

D. ILO → C. UNESCO → А. WHO В. GATT:
D. International Labour Organization - ILO was created first in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, making it the oldest among the four.
C. UNESCO was established next in 1945 as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
A. World Health Organization - WHО came into existence in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations.
B. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT was created last in 1948, functioning as a multilateral trade framework until it was replaced by WTO in 1995. Thus, the proper chronological order is: 1919 1945 1948 → 1948.

B. Amnesty International A. Greenpeace → C. Human Rights Watch → D. CHRI:
B. Amnesty International was founded first in 1961 by Peter Benenson, focused on political prisoners and global human rights advocacy.
A. Greenpeace was established in 1971 as an environmental activism organisation initially protesting nuclear testing.
C. Human Rights Watch - HRW began in 1978 as "Helsinki Watch," later expanding into a global rights-monitoring NGO.
D. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative - CHRI was founded last, in 1987, to promote human rights within Commonwealth nations. Correct order: 1961 → 1971 → 1978 1987.

A. Hague Convention → B. International Military Tribunal for the Far East→ D. European Convention on Human Rights → C. UN Declaration on Decolonisation:
A. Hague Convention - Adopted in 1907 during the Second Hague Peace Conference. It codified the laws and customs of war on land, establishing rules governing military conduct, treatment of prisoners, and wartime behaviour.
B. International Military Tribunal for the Far East - IMTFE - Established in 1946 after World War II (Tokyo Trials). It prosecuted Japanese military and political leaders for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.
D. European Convention on Human Rights - ECHR - Formally signed in 1950, creating the first regional human rights court system through the European Court of Human Rights.
C. UN Declaration on Decolonisation Adopted in 1960 (UN General Assembly Resolution 1514), calling for the end of colonial rule and recognising the right of all peoples to self-determination.
Thus, the correct chronological order is: 1907 1946 → 1950 → 1960.

A. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act C. National Commission for Minorities Act →B. National Commission for Backward Classes Act → D. Persons with Disabilities Act:
A. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act -Enacted in 1989 to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and ensure justice through special courts and stringent punishments.
C. National Commission for Minorities Act - Passed in 1992, creating the statutory National Commission for Minorities to safeguard minority rights and ensure equality and protection.
B. National Commission for Backward Classes Act - Enacted in 1993, establishing NCBC to advise the government on inclusion/exclusion of communities in the OBC list and monitor the safeguards for backward classes.
D. Persons with Disabilities Act - Enacted in 1995, ensuring equal opportunities, barrier-free access, and comprehensive protection of rights for persons with disabilities.
Correct chronological order: 1989 → 1992 →1993 → 1995.

A. Kyoto Protocol C. Bali Action Plan → D. Copenhagen Accord→ B. Paris
Agreement:
A. Kyoto Protocol - Adopted in 1997, first binding climate treaty on greenhouse gas emissions.
C. Bali Action Plan - Adopted in 2007, launching negotiations for a post-Kyoto framework.
D. Copenhagen Accord - Agreed in 2009, recognising the need to limit global warming to below 2°С.
B. Paris Agreement - Adopted in 2015, aimed at limiting warming to 1.5°C with universal climate commitments. Correct chronological order is: 1997 → 2007 → 2009 → 2015.

B. Child Labour Act & Juvenile Justice Act (1986) and D. Indecent Representation of Women Act (1986):

• Statement A - Incorrect: The Protection of Civil Rights Act was enacted in 1955, but the question statement refers to it correctly; however, it was originally called the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 and renamed in 1976, so A is technically inaccurate because the Act's name "Protection of Civil Rights Act" belongs to 1976, not 1955.
• Statement B - Correct: The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, and the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 were both enacted in 1986.
• Statement C - Incorrect: The Untouchability Offences Act was enacted in 1955, not in 1976. In 1976 it was amended and renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act.
• Statement D - Correct: The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was enacted in 1986. Thus, the correct combination is B and D only.

A. Preconditions for take-off → B. Take-off → D. Drive to maturity:

• W.W. Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth (1960) has five stages:

1. Traditional Society
2. Preconditions for Take-off (A)
3. Take-off (B)
4. Drive to Maturity (D)
5. Age of High Mass Consumption

• "Capacity building" (C) is not one of the Rostow stages.

Thus, correct statements included in the model are A, B and D.

A. Fundamental duties cannot be enforced by writs → D. FDs can interpret ambiguous laws:

• Statement A - Correct: Fundamental Duties (Part IVA) are non-justiciable. They cannot be enforced by writs in the Supreme Court or High Courts.
• Statement B - Incorrect: Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) was inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, not the
• 44th.
  Statement C - Incorrect: Fundamental Duties do not safeguard private property; this is covered under ordinary legal provisions, not FDs.
• Statement D - Correct: Courts frequently use Fundamental Duties for interpretative purposes to clarify ambiguous statutes and to reinforce constitutional morality (e.g., AIIMS Students' Union case, 2001). Thus, correct combination is A and D only.

B. UNHCR protects refugees → C. UNICEF created for relief → D. 4th World Women's Conference 1995:

•  Statement A Incorrect: The highest decision-making body of WHO is the World Health Assembly (WHA), not the Executive Board.
•  Statement B - Correct: UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) provides international protection and assistance to refugees and stateless persons.
•  Statement C- Correct: UNICEF was created in 1946 to provide emergency food and healthcare to children after WWII.
•  Statement D - Correct: The Fourth World Conference on Women was held in Beijing in 1995, producing the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.

Thus, correct combination is B, C and D only.

A. Civil Court Powers → D. Members are Public Servants:

• Statement A - Correct: Under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992, the Commission has all powers of a civil court including summoning, examining evidence, and requisitioning records.
• Statement B - Incorrect: The Chairperson does not necessarily hold office for five years. The term is determined by the Central Government; the Act does not mandate a fixed 5-year term.
• Statement C - Incorrect: The annual report is submitted to the Central Government, not directly to the Speaker of Lok Sabha. The Government then lays it before Parliament.
• Statement D - Correct: Members of the Commission are deemed public servants under Section 21 of IPC.

Thus, the correct combination is A and D only.