UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, SEPTEMBER-2024

Total Questions: 100

31. Which country was the pioneer in creating the institution of Ombudsman?

Correct Answer: 1. Sweden
Solution:

The institution of Ombudsman was first established in Sweden in 1809.
• It was created as a mechanism to safeguard the rights of citizens by allowing them to file complaints against maladministration or abuse of power by public officials.
• The Swedish term "Justitieombudsman" refers to the Parliamentary Ombudsman, who acts as an independent authority supervising the legality of government actions.
• Since then, many countries have adopted the Ombudsman model as a means of ensuring administrative accountability, transparency, and protection of individual rights.

32. In the essay, 'Aeropagitica' by John Milton which of the following concept was mainly underlined?

Correct Answer: 3. Doctrine of Tolerance
Solution:

In his famous essay 'Areopagitica (1644)', John Milton passionately defended the freedom of speech and expression, particularly the freedom of the press.
• The essay was a response to the Licensing Order of 1643 imposed by the English Parliament, which required all books to be approved by the government before publication.
•  Milton argued for the Doctrine of Tolerance, asserting that truth emerges from the free contest of ideas and that suppression of opinions is harmful to intellectual growth and liberty.
•  He famously wrote: "Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties."

33. The term 'Sustainable Development' became a widely accepted term in which of the following 1987 publications?

Correct Answer: 2. 'Our Common Future' The Bruntland Report
Solution:

'Our Common Future' The Brundtland Report: The concept of Sustainable Development was globally popularized by the Brundtland Commission's report titled 'Our Common Future', published in 1987.
• This report was issued by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland (former Prime Minister of Norway).
• It defined Sustainable Development as: "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
• The report linked economic development, environmental prctection, and social equity, and laid the foundation for the 1992 Earth Summit (Rio Conference).

34. "Art 32 is the most important article of the constitution without which this constitution would be a Nullity." Who gave this statement?

Correct Answer: 2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Solution:

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, referred to Article 32 as the "heart and soul of the Constitution”.
• Article 32 provides the right to constitutional remedies, allowing individuals to move the Supreme Court directly in case of violation of Fundamental Rights.
• Dr. Ambedkar emphasized that without this right, the Constitution would be a nullity, as it empowers citizens to enforce their rights through writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto.
Thus, Article 32 is a cornerstone of India's fundamental rights regime and judicial activism.

35. Which of the following facet of citizenship was used by T.H. Marshall?

Correct Answer: 1. Horizontal Camaraderie
Solution:

T.H. Marshall, in his influential essay "Citizenship and Social Class (1950)", described citizenship as a status bestowed on full members of a community, and he emphasized the concept of "Horizontal Camaraderie".
This term signifies equality among citizens, regardless of their social or economic class. It highlights the idea that all citizens stand as equals before the law and enjoy civil, political, and social rights without hierarchy.
Marshall's theory categorized citizenship into:
• Civil rights (18th century)
• Political rights (19th century)
• Social rights (20th century)
His approach laid the foundation for modern welfare state principles and the inclusive understanding of citizenship.

36. Which one of the following has been determined by the Hon'ble SC in the case of Stainislaus V State of MP?

Correct Answer: 1. that Right to Propagate religion does not include Right to Convert
Solution:

In the case of Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1977), the Supreme Court of India held that the "right to propagate religion" under Article 25 of the Constitution does not include the right to convert another person to one's own religion.
• The court upheld the validity of anticonversion laws enacted by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, stating that forced or induced conversions violate the freedom of conscience of the person being converted.
• This judgment clarified that freedom of religion is not absolute and is subject to public order, morality, and health, as per the Constitution.

37. Which of the following is NOT a proponent of the liberal perspective?

Correct Answer: 2. Rosa Luxemburg
Solution:

Rosa Luxemburg was a Marxist revolutionary and socialist theorist, and not a proponent of liberalism.
She advocated for class struggle, revolutionary socialism, and was critical of reformist liberal approaches.
In contrast, J.S. Mill, Thomas Paine, and John Locke were key liberal thinkers:
• Locke: Natural rights and limited government.
• Paine: Rights of man, constitutional democracy.
• Mill: Liberty, utilitarianism, freedom of expression.
Luxemburg is associated with radical leftist ideology, particularly communism and socialism, opposing the capitalist liberal order.

38. Relationship between the Human-being and Territory with an intension to make a place their permanent abode is known as______.

Correct Answer: 2. Domicile
Solution:

The term Domicile refers to the permanent legal residence of an individual, and signifies a stable relationship between a person and a specific territory, with the intention to reside there permanently. It is important in legal matters such as citizenship, taxation, succession, and jurisdiction. Domicile differs from:
• Residence - which may be temporary.
• Naturalisation - which is a process to acquire citizenship.
• Acquired Citizenship - which may occur through birth, descent, or legal processes, but domicile concerns permanent settlement rather than legal nationality.

39. Which one of the following is the main provisions of Nari Shakti Vandan Act, 2023?

Correct Answer: 4. Inserted Article 330A, which made provision of reservations of seats for women in Lok Sabha.
Solution:

The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (Women's Reservation Act, 2023) is a historic constitutional amendment that reserves one-third of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
It inserted Article 330A, which provides for:
• 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha.
• Similar provision for State Assemblies through Article 332A.
• Reservation is for a period of 15 years, extendable by Parliament.
The law aims to enhance women's political participation and representation in decisionmaking at the highest levels.

40. 'Jus Cogens' means:

Correct Answer: 2. delineating the limits of what states could agree on matter of treaty law
Solution:

'Jus Cogens' is a Latin term meaning "compelling law", and refers to peremptory norms of international law that are universally recognized and non-derogable. These norms override all other international agreements or customs, and no derogation is permitted, even by mutual consent of states. Examples include:
• Prohibition of genocide
• Prohibition of slavery
• Prohibition of torture
Therefore, 'Jus Cogens' defines the fundamental principles of international law, and limits what states can legally agree upon in treaty law, ensuring a universal moral minimum.