UGC-NET (NTA) Human Rights and Duties, SEPTEMBER-2024

The correct chronological order of the Articles of the Constitution related to the given provisions is:
C. Abolition of Untouchability - Article 17 (1950) : Enacted from the date of commencement of the Constitution (26 January 1950), it abolishes untouchability in all forms.
B. Promotion of educational and economic interests of weaker sections - Article 46 (1950): A Directive Principle of State Policy, also part of the original Constitution.
D. Establishment of National Commission for Scheduled Castes - Article 338 (Original), redefined in 2003 by 89th Amendment.
A. Establishment of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes - Article 338A (Inserted by 89th Amendment Act, 2003).
Thus, the chronological sequence is Article 17 → Article 46  → Article 338  → Article 338А.

The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 includes the following provisions in this order:
D. Constitution of NHRC - Section 3: Deals with the establishment and composition of the National Human Rights Commission.
A. Procedure with respect to Armed Forces - Section 19: Lays down the procedure for human rights violations by armed forces.
B. Human Rights Courts - Section 30: Provides for setting up special courts for speedy trial of human rights violations.
C. Special Public Prosecutor - Section 31: Provision for appointing a Special Public Prosecutor in these courts. Hence, the correct sequence of sections is 3 (D), 19 (A), 30 (B), 31 (C)

The chronological order of the establishment of the listed committees and commissions is:
C. Dinesh Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms - 1990: Recommended reforms like depoliticization of police, state funding of elections, etc.
D. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution - 2000: Headed by Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah; submitted report in 2002.
A. Second Administrative Reforms Commission - 2005: Headed by Veerappa Moily; submitted 15 reports on governance reforms.
B. J.S. Verma Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law - 2013: Formed after the Nirbhaya case; suggested reforms in sexual violence laws. Thus, the correct order is 1990 → 2000 → 2005 2013.

Chronological order of the landmark Supreme Court cases is:
C. Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India - 1951: Upheld Parliament's power to amend Fundamental Rights.
B. Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab 1967: Held that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights.
E. Keshavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala - 1973: Introduced the Basic Structure doctrine.
A. Indira Sawhney vs. Union of India - 1992: Upheld OBC reservations; capped total reservations at 50%.
D. S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India 1994: Limited misuse of Article 356 and emphasized secularism. Correct chronological order: 1951 → 1967 → 1973 1992 → 1994.

Chronological order of establishment of the listed regulatory bodies is:
E. University Grants Commission (UGC) - 1956: Regulates higher education in India.
C. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) - 1997: Regulates telecom services and tariffs.
A. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) - 1999 (Act passed), operational in 2000: Regulates insurance industry in India.
B. Competition Commission of India (CCІ) – 2003 (Act passed), became fully functional in 2009: Enforces Competition Act, 2002, to prevent monopolistic practices.
D. Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) - Established in 2003 (statutory status in 2013): Regulates pension schemes under National Pension System (NPS). So, the correct order is: UGC (1956) → TRAI (1997) → IRDA (1999/2000) → CCI (2003/2009) → PFRDA (2003/2013).

B. Special Marriage Act – 1954: Allows intercaste and inter-religious marriages under civil law.
C. Administrative Tribunals Act - 1985: Enacted under Article 323A to establish tribunals for service-related disputes.
A. Protection of Human Rights Act1993: Established National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
D. Juvenile Justice Act - 2000 (Revised multiple times, original Juvenile Justice Act was passed in 1986): Focuses on the care and protection of children in conflict with the law.
E. Right to Information Act - 2005: Provides for transparency and accountability in governance. Hence, the correct order is 1954 →1985→ 19932000 2005.

The correct chronological order of creation/ effect is:
C. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights - 1959: First organ created by the Organization of American States (OAS) for human rights protection.
A. American Convention on Human Rights - 1969 (entered into force in 1978): Also known as Pact of San José, lays down civil and political rights.
B. Statute of Inter-American Court of Human Rights - 1979: Established the Court as per the Convention's provisions.
D. Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture - 1985: Aims to eliminate torture in the American continent.
Thus, the order is 1959 → 1969 → 1979 → 1985.

Chronological order of judicial decisions relating to the definition of 'State' under Article 12:
C. Parmatma Sharan v. Chief Justice - 1964: Early case dealing with whether judiciary is included under "State".
A. Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi - 1981: Laid down the instrumentality test for determining whether an entity is "State".
B. Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology – 2002: Clarified and expanded the scope of Ajay Hasia test, holding CSIR as "State".
D. Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Union of India - 2005: Held BCCI is not "State" under Article 12 despite public functions.
Thus, correct sequence is 1964 → 1981 → 2002 → 2005.

Chronological order based on Article appearance in Constitution (ascending Article number):
B. India is a Union of States - Article 1: Declares India as a Union of States.
A. Parliament can increase or diminish area of any state - Article 3: Deals with reorganization of states.
C. Parliament has power to regulate on matters of citizenship -
Article 11: Gives Parliament authority to legislate on citizenship.
D. Discrimination prohibited on grounds of Religion, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth - Article 15: Fundamental Right ensuring equality and non-discrimination. Correct order: Article 1 Article 3 → Article 11 Article 15.

Chronological order based on constitutional amendments:
A. Added Article 31A and IX Schedule - 1st Amendment, 1951: Protected land reform laws from judicial review.
C. Insertion of Article 31C - 25th Amendment, 1971: Gave Directive Principles primacy over Fundamental Rights.
D. Added Article 31D - 42nd Amendment, 1976: Empowered Parliament to make laws against anti-national activities (later repealed).
B. Omission of Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31- 44th Amendment, 1978: Right to property was removed from Fundamental Rights and made a legal right.
Thus, amendment sequence is 1951 → 1971 → 1976 → 1978.