UGC-NET (NTA) LINGUISTICS, JANUARY-2025

D. (Langue and Parole) → Introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure in 1916, this concept distinguishes between language as a structured system (langue) and individual speech acts (parole).
B. (First Sound Shift) → Also known as Grimm's Law, this was first formulated in the early 19th century and describes systematic consonant changes in ProtoGermanic languages.
E. (Regularity Hypothesis) → This was proposed in the 19th century as part of the Neogrammarian. theory, asserting that sound changes occur systematically.
C. (Law of Aspirate Dissimilation) → Proposed by Karl Verner, this describes how voiced aspirates in Indo-European languages evolved.
A. (Lexical Diffusion) → A 20th-century linguistic theory that challenges the regularity hypothesis by suggesting that sound change spreads gradually within a language.

A. (Localism) - II: Associated with Gall and Broca, localism is the theory that specific brain areas correspond to particular linguistic functions.
B. (Connectionism) - IV: Wernicke, Lichtheim, and Geschwind proposed that language processing involves neural networks rather than isolated areas.
C. (Hierarchical or evolution-based view) I: Jackson and Brown suggested that language functions evolved in a hierarchical manner.
D. (Holism) - III: Marie, Head, and Goldstein argued against strict localization, proposing that language is distributed across brain functions.

C. (The Mapping Hypothesis) → Suggests that agrammatic patients struggle to map syntactic structures onto their meanings.
D. (The Adaptation Hypothesis) → Proposes that agrammatic speakers adapt to their deficits by simplifying syntax.
E. (The Trace Deletion Hypothesis) → Argues that agrammatism results from an inability to process traces left by syntactic movement.
(A) Parsing and (B) Taxonomical-structural are not considered primary frameworks for agrammatism.

A. (Do you want to leave?) - II: Attitudinal present tense, as it conveys an intention or state of mind.
B. (Two and two make four) - I: Timeless present tense, as it states an eternal truth.
C. (I hear you have resigned) - IV: Historic present tense, as it refers to a past event but is framed in the present.
D. (Smith passes a book to Brown) - III: Instantaneous present tense, as it describes an action occurring at the moment of speaking.

Entailment occurs when the truth of one statement guarantees the truth of another, and the falsity of the second guarantees the falsity of the first. For example:
"All dogs are mammals."
"Some dogs are mammals."
If the first statement is true, the second must also be true. However, if the second is false (i.e., no dogs are mammals), then the first must also be false.

A. (Register) - III: Varieties of language according to use. → Register refers to the variation in language use based on context, such as formal vs. informal speech.
B. (Vernacular) IV: A language which has not been standardized and which does not have official status. Vernaculars are non-standard languages spoken within communities but lack formal recognition.
C. (Dialect) I: Varieties of language according to the user. → Dialects are linguistic varieties used by different social or regional groups.
D. (Pidgin) II: A language which has native speakers. → A pidgin is initially a simplified language used for communication between groups, but when it acquires native speakers, it evolves into a creole.

The Census of India is the most important source of information on Indian languages. It systematically collects data on languages spoken across the country, including demographic details of language speakers. The census categorizes languages based on the number of speakers and their distribution, providing comprehensive insights into India's linguistic diversity.

Burushaski is a language spoken in parts of Pakistan and India and exhibits an ergative system, where the subject of an intransitive verb is treated the same as the object of a transitive verb rather than the subject of a transitive verb. This system contrasts with nominative-accusative languages like English. Other languages with ergativity include Basque, Georgian, and certain Tibeto-Burman languages.

A. (Errors) - IV: Deviation in usage due to learners' inability to use what they know about the target language (TL). → Errors occur when learners make mistakes that reflect gaps in their knowledge.
B. (Transfer errors) - III: Negative errors. → These arise when learners apply rules from their first language to the second language incorrectly.
C. (Mistakes) - I: Deviation in usage results from gaps in learner's knowledge of the TL. Mistakes are temporary slips that occur despite knowing the correct rule.
D. (Local errors) - II: Single element errors. → Local errors involve specific parts of a sentence and do not affect overall intelligibility.

В. Sign languages use a visuo-spatial medium, spoken languages use an oral-aural medium. → Correct, as sign languages rely on visual gestures and spatial organization, whereas spoken languages use sounds.
C. Sign languages have handshapes and palm orientation as phonemes, verbal languages have sounds as phonemes. → Correct, as phonemes in sign languages are represented through hand configurations, movement, and location.
(A) is incorrect because while sign languages use gestures, they are structured linguistic systems, not merely gestures.
(D) is incorrect because sign languages are not semantically limited; they have extensive expressive capabilities.
(E) is incorrect because sign language morphology and syntax are independent of spoken languages in their regions.