UGC-NET (NTA) LINGUISTICS, JUNE-2025

Total Questions: 100

81. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Grammars/Models)	LIST-II (Author)
A. Generalized Phrased Structure Grammar (GPSG)	I. A. Joshi
B. Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG)	II. G. Gazdar
C. Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG)	III. Polard & Sag
D. Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)	IV. Bresnan

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
2. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
3. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
4. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Correct Answer: 3. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II

Solution:

A. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar → II. G. Gazdar: GPSG was developed by Gerald Gazdar and colleagues as a highly restrictive, rule-based, constraint-driven syntactic model emphasising metarules and feature passing.
B. Tree Adjoining Grammar →I. A. Joshi: TAG was created by Aravind Joshi, introducing elementary trees and adjunction operations to capture long-distance dependencies.
C. Lexical Functional Grammar → IV. Bresnan: LFG, proposed by Joan Bresnan, distinguishes between c-structure and f-structure to represent constituent order and grammatical functions independently.
D. Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar → III. Pollard & Sag: HPSG by Carl Pollard & Ivan Sag uses typed feature structures and unification to model syntax and semantics within a constraint-based framework.

82. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Maxims)	LIST-II (Explanation)
A. Maxim of manner	I. It states that speakers' contributions to a conversation ought to be true. They should not say what they believe to be false, nor should they say anything for which they lack adequate evidence.
B. Maxim of relevance	II. It states that the contribution should be as informative as is required for the purposes of the conversation. One should say neither too little nor too much.
C. Maxim of quantity	III. It states that contributions should clearly relate to the purpose of the exchange.
D. Maxim of quality	IV. It states that the contribution should be perspicuous - in particular, that it should be orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, В-III, C-II, D-I
2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
4. А-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV

Correct Answer: 1. A-IV, В-III, C-II, D-I

Solution:

А. Maxim of manner→IV: This requires contributions to be clear, orderly, brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity.
B. Maxim of relevance → III: This requires contributions to be relevant to the purpose
of the exchange.
C. Maxim of quantity→ II: This demands giving as much information as necessary,
neither too little nor too much.
D. Maxim of quality → I: This requires speakers to speak the truth, avoiding statements they believe false or without evidence.

83. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Explanation)	LIST-II (Concept)
A. It implies that there might be cases where a language might be expected to have a word to express a particular idea, but no such word exists.	I. Lexical gap
B. It indicates a grouping of lexical items whose meanings are related in a way that can be represented by means of a ‘tree-diagram’.	II. Lexical hierarchy
C. It refers to the meaning of full lexical items, which is typically richer and more complex than the meaning carried by grammatical elements.	III. Lexical meaning
D. It refers to a distinct meaning which has an established association with a given word-form.	IV. Lexical sense

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-II. B-III, C-IV, D-I
3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

Correct Answer: 1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

Solution:

A. It implies absence of a needed word → I.
Lexical gap: A lexical gap occurs when a language lacks a word for an expected concept (e.g., no single English word for “older brother”).
B. Grouping lexical items in a tree → II. Lexical hierarchy: Hierarchical lexical relations (e.g., animal → mammal → dog) are represented using tree structures.
C. Meaning of full lexical items → III. Lexical meaning: This refers to rich semantic content carried by lexical words such as nouns and verbs.
D. Distinct meaning tied to a form → IV. Lexical sense: A word may have multiple senses, each being a distinct established meaning.

84. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Concept)	LIST-II (Description)
A. Haplology	I. It refers to the change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence.
B. Aphaeresis	II. It refers to changes which delete the initial sound (usually a vowel) of a word.
C. Apocope	III. It refers to the loss of a sound (usually a vowel), at the end of a word.
D. Syncope	IV. It refers to the loss of a sound (usually a vowel) from the interior of a word.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Correct Answer: 3. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

Solution:

A. Haplology → I: Haplology deletes one of two repeated sequences (e.g., probably → probly).
B. Aphaeresis → II: Aphaeresis deletes an initial sound, usually a vowel (e.g., around
→ 'round).
С. Аросоpe → III: Apocope is the loss of a final vowel or consonant (e.g., naте → пат').
D. Syncope → IV: Syncope deletes a sound within the interior of a word (e.g., family → famly).

85. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Concept)	LIST-II (Definition)
A. Prestige Planning	I. Describes efforts aimed at changing the use and function of a linguistic variety within a speech community
B. Corpus Planning	II. Describes those aspects of language planning that are directed at favourable attitudinal background for corpus and status planning
C. Status Planning	III. Describes efforts directed at increasing the number of users of a given language or variety
D. Acquisition Planning	IV. Refers to activities directed at the language system and includes creation of new words

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
4. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Correct Answer: 2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Solution:

A. Prestige planning → II: Prestige planning improves positive attitudes toward a language, enabling acceptance of corpus and status changes.
B. Corpus planning → IV: Corpus planning modifies the internal structure of a language—standardisation, new words, orthography, grammar.
C. Status planning → I: Status planning assigns or modifies the functions and domains of a language (administration, education, media).
D. Acquisition planning → III: Acquisition planning increases the number of users of a language through education and learning policies.

86. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I (Script)	List-II (Language)
A. Brahmi	I. Maithili
B. Ol Chiki	II. Manipuri
C. Devanagari	III. Pali (Mauryan Period)
D. Metei-Meyek	IV. Santhali

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
3. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Solution:

A. Brahmi → III. Pali (Mauryan Period):
Brahmi is the ancient script used during the Mauryan era for inscriptions in Pali/Prakrit, including the Ashokan edicts.
B. Ol Chiki → IV. Santhali:
Ol Chiki is the dedicated script created by Raghunath Murmu specifically for the Santhali language.
C. Devanagari → I. Maithili:
Modern Maithili is written in Devanagari today (although historically it used Tirhuta).
D. Meitei-Meyek → II. Manipuri:
Meitei-Meyek is the traditional script of Manipuri (Meiteilon).

87. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Corpus)	LIST-II (Content)
A. Brown Corpus	I. British English
B. LOB Corpus	II. American English
C. FLOB Corpus	III. Indian and Australian English
D. ICE Corpus	IV. American and British English

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-IV D-III
2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
4. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 1. A-II, B-I, C-IV D-III

Solution:

A. Brown Corpus → II. American English:
The Brown Corpus (1961) is the first balanced corpus of contemporary written American English.
B. LOB Corpus → I. British English:
The LOB (Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen) Corpus parallels the Brown but represents British English.
C. FLOB Corpus → IV. American and British English:
FLOB is used comparatively with Frown to study diachronic changes across these two Englishes.
D. ICE Corpus → III. Indian and Australian English:
The ICE (International Corpus of English) project includes corpora for varieties such as ICE-India, ICE-Australia, etc.

88. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Language disorder)	LIST-II (Impairment)
A. Acquired dysgraphia	I. Impairment of reading ability
B. Acquired dyslexia	II. Impairment of writing ability
C. Agrammatism	III. Reading errors related to the word being read
D. Deep dyslexia	IV. Syndrome characterized by telegraphic speech

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
4. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Answer: 2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Solution:

A. Acquired dysgraphia → II. Impairment of writing ability: Dysgraphia involves writing deficits caused by neurological damage.
B. Acquired dyslexia → I. Impairment of reading ability: Dyslexia refers to acquired difficulty in reading after brain injury.
C. Agrammatism → IV. Syndrome characterized by telegraphic speech: Agrammatism, often linked to Broca's aphasia, produces short, grammar-reduced utterances.
D. Deep dyslexia → III. Reading errors related to the word being read: Deep dyslexia shows semantic errors (e.g., reading "dog" as "cat").

89. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Book/Article)	LIST-II (Author)
A. Introduction to automata theory, languages and computation	I. Alan Turing
B. Knowledge representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence	II. Hopcroft and Ullman
C. Computing machinery and intelligence	III. Rick Briggs
D. Optimality theory	IV. Prince and Smolensky

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
2. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
3. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
4. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Correct Answer: 3. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Solution:

A. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation → II. Hopcroft and
Ullman: A foundational text in automata theory and formal languages.
B. Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence → III. Rick Briggs:
Briggs' 1985 article argues Sanskrit's suitability for AI knowledge representation.
C. Computing Machinery and Intelligence → I. Alan Turing: Turing's famous 1950 paper proposing the "Turing Test."
D. Optimality Theory → IV. Prince and Smolensky: They introduced OT, proposing constraint-based phonological evaluation.

90. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Relation)	LIST-II (Markers)
A. Adversative	I. so, consequently, it follows, for, because, under the circumstances, for this reason
B. Causal	II. now, of course, well, anyway, surely, after all
C. Temporal	III. but, yet, however, instead, on the other hand, nevertheless, at any rate, as a matter of fact
D. Continuatives	IV. then, next, after that, on another occasion, in conclusion, an hour later, finally, at last

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
2. A-IV, В-III, С-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
4. А-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 3. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Solution:

A. Adversative → III: but, yet, however,
nevertheless-markers expressing contrast
or opposition.
B. Causal →I: so, consequently, becausemarkers showing cause-effect relations.
C. Temporal → IV: then, next, after thatmarkers ordering events in time.
D. Continuatives → II: now, well, of coursemarkers signalling discourse continuation,
topic shifts or speaker attitude.