UGC-NET (NTA) POPULATION STUDIES, JANUARY-2025

According to the "Causes of Death Statistics, 2017-2019" published by the Office of the Registrar General of India (2023), the major causes of deaths among males in India were analyzed by percentage contribution. The main categories and their approximate shares were:
• Cardiovascular diseases - 33.8% (highest)
• Respiratory diseases - 10.3%
• Digestive diseases - 6.3%
• Perinatal conditions 4.6%
When arranged in increasing order (low to high): Perinatal conditions (D) < Digestive diseases (C) < Respiratory diseases (B) < Cardiovascular diseases (A)

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes changes in fertility and mortality rates as societies industrialize and develop. The correct order of stages (I to IV) with respect to fertility and mortality levels is:
C. Stage I: Both fertility and mortality rates are high - population growth is minimal.
D. Stage II: Mortality declines due to improved health and sanitation, but fertility remains high - population grows rapidly.
B. Stage III: Fertility starts to decline faster than mortality - growth rate slows down.
A. Stage IV: Both fertility and mortality are low or at/below replacement level - population stabilizes.
Hence, the sequence from Stage I to Stage IV is: C→ D → B А.

According to the Census of India 2011, the population densities (persons per sq. km) of the given states were as follows:
• West Bengal - 1,029 persons/sq. km
• Maharashtra - 365 persons/sq. km
• Andhra Pradesh (undivided, before Telangana formation) - 308 persons/sq. km
• Karnataka - 319 persons/sq. km
Now, arranging them in decreasing order of population density (high to low):
West Bengal (D) → Maharashtra (A) → Karnataka (B) → Andhra Pradesh (C).

Based on the latest UN and World Bank estimates (2022-2023) for life expectancy at birth, the average life expectancy (in years) among South Asian countries is approximately:
E. Sri Lanka - 77 years
B. Bangladesh - 73.5 years
C. Nepal - 71.5 years
A. India - 70.0 years
D. Pakistan - 66.5 years
Arranging them in descending order (higher to lower): Sri Lanka (E) → Bangladesh (B) → Nepal (C) → India (A) → Pakistan (D).

The Government of India set up several expert committees on health and population issues during the post-independence period. Their chronological order (earliest to most recent) is as follows:
D. Mudaliar Committee - 1959-1962: Recommended strengthening of the district hospital system and better integration of health services.
C. Mukherjee Committee - 1965-1966: Reviewed family planning programs and emphasized coordination between states and the Centre.
B. Kartar Singh Committee - 1973: Suggested the creation of multipurpose health workers at the sub-center level for integrated service delivery.
A. Shrivastava Committee - 1975: Proposed the development of a cadre of community health workers and the concept of a "Referral Service Complex."
Thus, the correct chronological order is: DC → В → А.

The major World Conferences on Women organized by the United Nations occurred as follows:
C. World Conference of the International Women's Year, Mexico City - 1975
A. World Conference for UN Decade for Women: Equality, Development, and Peace, Copenhagen - 1980
D. World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the UN Decade for Women, Nairobi - 1985
B. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing - 1995
Thus, in chronological order from earliest to latest: С →А→ D → В.

In the Results Framework used for Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of programs, the logical sequence of elements reflects how resources are converted into outcomes and impacts. The correct order is as follows:
A. Input: Resources invested in the program - funds, manpower, materials, etc.
B. Process: Activities or actions undertaken to implement the program.
D. Output: Immediate results or tangible products of the process (e.g., number of clinics built, vaccines delivered).
C. Outcome: Short- to medium-term effects resulting from the outputs (e.g., increased immunization coverage).
E. Impact: Long-term effects or final goal achieved (e.g., reduction in disease burden).
Thus, the logical and chronological flow is: Input → Process → Output → Outcome → Impact.

Key developments in the Family Planning Programme of India occurred in the following historical sequence:
C. Inception of Family Planning Programme - 1952, India became the first country in the world to launch a government-supported family planning program.
D. Incorporation of Intra-Uterine Device (IUD) - 1965, IUDs like the Lippes Loop were introduced to expand contraceptive methods.
A. Change of name to Family Welfare Programme - 1977, the program was renamed to emphasize overall family health and welfare beyond population control.
B. Target Free Approach – 1996, the government adopted a community needs-based approach, ending numerical population targets.
Hence, the correct chronological order is: C→D → A В.

Based on the Sample Registration System (SRS) Abridged Life Tables, 2016-20, the female life expectancy at birth for the given major Indian states was:
E. West Bengal - 73.6 years
B. Gujarat - 73.2 years
C. Karnataka - 71.9 years
D. Telangana - 71.4 years
A. Bihar - 69.2 years
When arranged in descending order (high to low): West Bengal (E) → Gujarat (B) → Karnataka (C) → Telangana (D) → Bihar (A).

Here are the major international environmental treaties arranged in chronological order (oldest to newest):
B. Montreal Protocol – 1987: Focused on protecting the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
D. Rio Declaration - 1992: Adopted during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, promoting sustainable development principles.
A. Kyoto Protocol - 1997: Committed developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the UNFCCC.
C. Paris Agreement - 2015: A global accord aiming to limit globał warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
Thus, the correct chronological order is:
B→D → А → С.