UGC-NET (NTA) POPULATION STUDIES, JANUARY-2025

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, comprising 17 global goals. Among th: listed options:
A. Ensure healthy lives → corresponds to SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being.
B. Provide inclusive and equitable quality education → corresponds to SDG 4: Quality Education.
C. Equal per capita income → not a standalone SDG goal (income equality is addressed under SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, but "equal per capita income" is not the exact goal).
D. Strengthen global partnership → corresponds to SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals.
Thus, the correct combination of officially documented SDG goals is A, B, and D.

The length or duration of the birth interval (the time between two consecutive live births) is influenced by several biological and behavioral factors. These include:
A. Post-partum infecundable period: The period after childbirth when a woman cannot conceive due to lactational amenorrhea or other physiological reasons.
B. Waiting time to conception: The time taken after resuming fecundity to achieve conception.
C. Gestation period: The time from conception to the next birth (approximately 9 months).
D. Abortion: Can shorten the interval if conception occurs soon after an abortion, or extend it if complications arise.
E. Secondary sterility: If a woman becomes sterile after the first birth, the interval becomes indefinitely long (no subsequent birth).
Therefore, the factors determining birth interval duration are A, B, C, D, and E, but since the closest provided option excludes none of the essential components except gestation (which is standard and fixed), the correct combination that fits the main determinants is:
A, B, C only (since gestation is biologically constant and always included in the calculation).

In population studies, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to collect, store, analyze, and visualize spatial and attribute data. The relevant types of data inputs are:
A. Spatial data input:, Involves capturing the location-based data (coordinates, boundaries, etc.).
B. Vector data input: Represents data using points, lines, and polygons (e.g., boundaries of census tracts, roads).
C. Raster data input: Represents data in grid or pixel form (e.g., satellite imagery, population density maps).
D. Attribute data input: Non-spatial information describing characteristics of spatial features (e.g., population, literacy rate).
E. Qualitative data input: Not typically a GIS data type; qualitative data may support analysis but is not a direct GIS format.
Thus, GIS incorporates spatial, vector, raster, and attribute data inputs.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are chronic diseases not caused by infectious agents and often linked to lifestyle and genetic factors. Among the options:
A. Cardiovascular disease → Yes, a major NCD.
B. Tuberculosis → No, it is a communicable disease caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
C. Nervous and mental diseases → Yes, classified under NCDs (e.g., depression, neurological disorders).
D. Influenza → No, a communicable viral disease.
E. Diabetes→ Yes, a chronic NCD related to metabolism.
Hence, the correct set of NCDs is A, C, and E.

The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a measure used primarily in education and human development indicators to compare the access or participation rates of females to males. It is calculated as:
GPI =Famle value/Male value
Interpretation of GPI:
• GPI = 1: Perfect parity between males and females.
• GPI > 1: Indicates females have an advantage (males are less advantaged).
• GPI < 1: Indicates females are disadvantaged compared to males.
• GPI = 0: Not possible in practice (would mean no female participation at all).
Thus, the correct statements are:

Let's match the concepts and theories in population studies with their propounders:
A. Laws of Migration → IV. E.G. Ravenstein: Ravenstein (1885) proposed the "Laws of Migration", explaining patterns such as short-distance migration and step migration.
B. Gravitation Model → I. K. Zipf: Zipf's Gravity Model (1946) applied Newton's law of gravity to population movement — migration between two areas is proportional to their population sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
C. Intervening Opportunity → II. Samuel A. Stouffer: Stouffer (1940) suggested that migration depends more on the availability of opportunities between origin and destination rather than distance alone.
D. Intervening Obstacle → III. Everett S. Lee: Lee (1966) added to migration theory by emphasizing "push-pull factors" and "intervening obstacles" affecting the decision to migrate.
Therefore, the correct match is: A-IV, B-I, C-H, D-III.

Let's match the books with their respective authors:
A. Poor Economics → I. Abhijit V. Banerjeе & Esther Duflo: This Nobel-winning book (2011) explores the economics of poverty and development.
B. Principles of Demography → II. Donald J. Bogue: A foundational text covering demographic concepts, theories, and methods.
C. Fundamentals of Behavioural Research → III. F.N. Kerlinger: Classic reference on behavioral and social science research methods.
D. Population and Development → IV. W.T.S. Gould: A key text linking demographic changes to socio-economic development processes.
Correct match: A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV.

This question tests understanding of Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing. Here's the breakdown:
A. Ho is true & Reject Ho→ Type I Error (False Positive): You incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis.
B. Ho is false & Reject Ho → No Error (Correct Decision): You correctly reject a false null hypothesis.
C. Ho is true & Do not reject Ho → No Error (Correct Decision): You correctly accept a true null hypothesis.
D. Ho is false & Do not reject Ho → Type II Error (False Negative): You fail to reject a false null hypothesis.
Correct match: A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III.

This question is based on Davis and Blake's framework of intermediate fertility variables, which identify factors influencing fertility through exposure, deliberate control, and natural regulation.
A. The exposure factor → III. Proportion married: Exposure to childbearing depends on marital status.
B. The deliberate marital fertility control factor→ IV. Induced abortion: Deliberate actions to limit fertility include abortion and contraception.
C. Natural marital fertility control factor→ II. Sterility: Natural factors limiting fertility include physiological sterility or infecundity.
D. Factor affecting exposure to contraception → I. Use or misuse of contraception: Access, knowledge, and behavior determine exposure to contraceptive use.
Correct match: A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-І.

This question matches authors with their corresponding books related to population, development, and environment.
A. Martha Nussbaum → I. Women and Human Development: A Capabilities Approach: Nussbaum proposed the Capabilities Approach focusing on gender equality and human development.
B. Julian Simon → III. The Ultimate Resource: Simon argued that human creativity and innovation are the ultimate resources, not natural ones.
C. Meadows, D.H. et al. → IV. Limits to Growth: Meadows and colleagues used system models to predict the environmental limits of exponential growth.
D. Paul Ehrlich → II. The Population Bomb: Ehrlich warned of rapid population growth leading to famine and environmental collapse.
Correct Match: A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II.