UGC NTA NET/JRF Cancelled EXAM, (PAPER-II)June 2024 HISTORY

According to Kautilya, Durga (Fort) was the fourth element under the Saptanga Rajya (Seven Limbs of the State) theory. The officer in charge of the forts was called Antapala. The four main forces for the defense of the forts were the cavalry (Ashva Sena), infantry (Padal Sena), chariots (Ratha Sena), and elephants (Hasti Sena).
Kautilya envisioned a standing military structure that was entirely appointed and maintained by the state. Camels were not considered a part of the Chaturangabala (four-fold army).

In 1856 CE, the Awadh state was formally declared a part of the British Empire. This acquisition by Lord Dalhousie caused deep resentment in many regions and states. The Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was deposed on the pretext that he was not governing properly and was exiled to Calcutta.
The estates and forts of the Taluqdars (landholders) of Awadh were scattered. The British were completely unwilling to tolerate the authority of these Taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation, the armies of the Taluqdars were disbanded and their forts were demolished.

The chronological order is as follows:

The Stupa (Sanskrit meaning: mound) originated from a hemispherical mound of earth, which was later called the Anda (egg). Gradually, its structure became more complex, incorporating a balance of several square and circular shapes. Above the Anda was a Harmika. This balcony-like structure symbolized the abode of the Gods. A mast emerged from the Harmika, called the Yashti, on which an umbrella (Chattri) was often placed.

Unfortified trading posts that served as strategic bases for the Portuguese naval fleet were called Feitorias. Portuguese Feitorias were mostly fortified trading posts situated in coastal areas, built to centralize and dominate local trade of products with the Portuguese Empire. They simultaneously served as a marketwarehouse and as an aid for customs. The first Portuguese Feitoria overseas was established by Henry the Navigator on Arghin Island off the coast of Mauritania in 1445 CE.

In the first century BCE, two powers gained prominence in the south of the Vindhya Mountains: the Satavahanas of the Upper Deccan and the Chedis of Kalinga. The power of the Chedis was short-lived, but the Satavahana power continuously flourished for three centuries, and their authority continued in some form for four and a half centuries.
The entire Dakshinapatha (Deccan) was included under the Satavahana Empire. The Satavahana emperors not only protected their independence against foreigners but also paved the way for the material and cultural progress of their subjects by encouraging literature, art, trade, and commerce.

The correct order is as follows:
Manuscript of Babur's memoirs in Turkish becomes part of the family collection: (1530 CE) Gulbadan Begum begins composing Humayunama: (1587 CE)
Translation of Babur's memoirs into Persian under the name Baburnama: (1589 CE)
Abul Fazl works on the composition of Akbarnama: |(1589–1602 CE)
Lahori composes the first two Daftars (volumes) of Badshahnama: (Between 1627-47 СЕ) Note: None of the options given matched the correct sequence.

The founder of the Chedi dynasty of Kalinga was a person named Mahameghavahana. The most powerful king of this dynasty was Kharavela. Kharavela was a follower of Jainism; he provided patronage to Jain ascetics. In the thirteenth year of his reign, he had cave-monasteries (Guha-Viharas) carved out of the Udayagiri and Khandagiri hills near Bhubaneswar for the residence of Jain monks.

The 1919 reforms could not satisfy the Indian citizens, and after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Round Table Conferences, the British government issued a White Paper in February 1935, which mentioned new reforms. Under this scheme of reforms, the Government of India Act, 1935, was passed in August 1935.
Through this law, Burma and Aden were separated from the administration of India, two new provinces in the form of Sindh and Orissa were created, and the NorthWest Frontier Province was placed under two Governors. A Federal Court and a Central Bank (which came to be known as the Reserve Bank of India) were established under the Government of India Act, 1935.

The Sikh wedding, known as 'Anand Karaj,' which means 'Blissful Union,' was initiated by the third Guru of Sikhism, Guru Amar Das. The Sikh wedding ceremony is held in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. Anand Karaj is usually held in a Gurdwara, which is the central place of worship for Sikhs.