UGC NTA NET/JRF Cancelled EXAM, (PAPER-II)June 2024 HISTORY

Akbar created 66 ranks in his Mansabdari System. The word 'Mansab' means rank or position, and a 'Mansabdar' was an officer who held a rank or position in the Imperial army. Akbar's Mansabdari system was based on the decimal system. Abul Fazl mentions 66 ranks (mansabs), but in practice, only 33 mansabs are mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari. This suggests that some ranks were not granted, and to simplify the system, some ranks were abolished, which reduced the number of ranks in practice. These mansabs were granted from ten up to twelve thousand.

The role of guilds (Shreni) was extremely important in the economic life of ancient India. The organization of different artisans was called a Shreni. A Shreni was an institution of people engaged in the same type of occupation or industry. The control of trade was essentially in their hands. They conducted both internal and external trade.

The composition related to the Second Sangam is Tolkappiyam. The systematic history of South India is known through Sangam Literature. The word 'Sangam' means a council or assembly where Tamil poets and scholars gathered and presented their compositions before the Sangam. A total of three Sangams were organized under the patronage of the Pandya kings:
1. First Sangam: Held in Madura. It was presided over by Agastya Rishi. The texts compiled by this Sangam included Akattiyam, Paripadal, and Mudunarai.
2.  Second Sangam: Held in Kapatapuram (Alavai). It was presided over by Agastya. The only surviving text compiled by this Sangam is 'Tolkappiyam', a Tamil grammar text composed by Tolkappiyar.
3. Third Sangam: Held in the Pandya capital, Madura. The compositions of this Sangam included Kuruntokai, Parinupattu, and Pari-padal.

The technique of tin-plating (tinning) in India was introduced by the Turks. A discovery of the Turks in Indian metallurgy was the application of tin (kalai) on copper vessels. The tin-platers were called 'Kalaigars'. Tin (Rangar) is a highly malleable and ductile metal, and its plating on metal vessels provides them protection from rust and chemical poisoning. Tinning is mentioned in Abul Fazl's 'Ain-i-Akbari'.

The correct chronological order is as follows: Marco Polo visits the Malabar Coast-(1292 CE) Muhammad Tughlaq experiments with token currency- (1329-30 СE)
Harihara I founds Vijayanagara-(1336 CE)
Khizr Khan establishes the Sayyid Dynasty in Delhi- (1414 CE)
Ma Huan's Report on Bengal: First mention of silkworm rearing in Bengal-(1422 СE)

The correct chronological order is as follows: Muslim League announces Direct Action Day-(August 16, 1946)
Cabinet Mission presents the plan for the formation of an Interim Government at the Center-(September 2, 1946)
Start of the sessions of the Constituent Assembly- (December 9, 1946)
Final meeting of the Interim Government-(1947 CE)
Jinnah's election as the President of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly-(August 11, 1947)

The correct chronological order is as follows: Kakori Rail Dacoity-(August 9, 1925 CE)
V.J. Patel elected as the first Indian President (Speaker) of the Legislative Assembly-(August 22, 1925 СE)
Assassination of Swami Shraddhanand-(December 23, 1926 CE)
Sarda Act passed-(1929 CE)
Bertrand Russell criticizes the actions of the British Government in India-(Third decade of the 20th century)