UGC NTA NET/JRF Cancelled EXAM, (PAPER-II)June 2024 HISTORY

The Nirukta was compiled by the Sanskrit scholar Yaska. Nirukta is a commentary on the Nighantu (a collection of Vedic words). The objective of Nirukta is to clarify the difficult vocabulary of the Vedas.

Not taking the surplus is not a characteristic of Indian Feudalism. The characteristics of Indian Feudalism include:
■ The rise of a hierarchical structure of land intermediaries.
■ The prevalence of forced labor by peasants and laborers.
■ Curtailment of peasant land rights.
■ Taking the surplus.

The author of 'The Web of Indian Life' is Sister Nivedita, while the works 'Niti Vinod,' 'An Appeal From The Daughters of India,' and 'The Indian Eye in English Life' were written by Behramji М. Malabari.

Bharata Muni's Natyashastra describes 13 gestures of the head, 36 glances/movements of the eyes, 09 movements of the neck, and 37 gestures of the hand. The Natyashastra analyzes every aspect related to theatrical performances. The concept of Abhinaya (acting) is explained in detail in this treatise. Abhinaya is the art by which an artist conveys a dramatic feeling to the audience through their speech, emotions, or various movements of the body.

V.D. Savarkar was associated with the following:
→ V. D. Savarkar, along with Gatos Savarkar, founded the organization 'Mitra Mela' in Nashik in 1899 CE. Mitra Mela later transformed into 'Abhinav Bharat' in 1904 СE.
→ Shyamji Krishna Varma, a resident of the Kathiawar state of Gujarat, graduated as a barrister from Cambridge University, London. In 1905, he formed the 'India Home Rule Society' (also called India House) in London. V.D. Savarkar took advantage of Krishna Varma's fellowship and went to London in 1906, where he contributed to the Indian independence struggle in various ways.
→He wrote the book 'The Indian War of Independence, 1857', which was published in 1909. → He graduated from Fergusson College, Poona.
Note: The Madras Native Association (MNA) was established in Madras (present-day Chennai) in 1852. It was the first Indian political association formed in the Madras Presidency. The MNA was not associated with V.D. Savarkar.

The systematic chronological order is as follows:

■ Wilhelm Dilthey said, an'is only what history tells him."
■ James Thurber said, "It is better to know some of the questions than all of the answers."
■ William Zinsser said, "The essence of good writing is rewriting; it is where the game is won or lost."
■ A. J. Balfour said, "History does not repeat itself. The historians repeat one another."
■ Lucien Febvre said, "If history teaches us anything, it is that there is nothing like an historical lesson.
■ Collingwood said, "All history is the history of thought."

The Espionage Department held an important position in the Mauryan administration. This department was placed under a separate Amatya (Minister) called the Mahamatya-Pasarpa. Spies are referred to as 'Gūdhapurusha' (secret men) in the Arthashastra. There were two types of spies: Samstha (static spies) and Sanchara (wandering spies).
The main duty of the spies was to keep an eye on Amatyas, Ministers, royal employees (government officials), and citizens (Paur Janapadas), as well as to gather all information about neighboring states (foreign rulers). The spies of the Mauryan period also gathered information about the feelings of the citizens and conveyed it to the King.