UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam. December 2020/June 2021 ENGLISH-II (Shift-I)

In 'An Apology for Poetry' Sidney discusses the didactic function of poetry by comparing to philosophy and history.
The Defense of Poesy' is a literary criticism by Sir Philip Sidney, written about 1580 and published posthumously in 1595.
It is considered the finest work of Elizabethan Literary Criticism, Sidney's elegant essay suggests the literature is a better teacher than history or philosophy, and it masterfully reflects Plato's infamous decision to ban poets from the state in his Republic.
Sidney composed his eloquent defense of imaginative literature against charges of time wasting prevarication and allurement to vice.

The qualities to 'great poetry' according to Longinus are:
■ It is must be the work of genius, an inspired person.
■ It must employ devices of rhetoric.
According to Longinus there are five principal sources of the sublime. These sources are:
(i) Grandeur of thought: (It is largely the gift 0 nature. It is the echo of a great soul).
(ii) Strong emotion: (Strong motion is an inborn gift of a genius)
(iii) The use of figures: (Figure of speech/devices of rhetoric)
(iv) Noble diction: (Choice of proper words)
(v) Dignified composition: (Harmonious arrangement of words)
Note:- The grandeur of thought and 'strong emotion' is inborn gifts of nature. The rest three sources are the gifts of art.

In "The Function of Criticism" T.S. Eliot attacked J Middleton Murry and similar critics for being devotees of what he called "the inner voice." He saw them as individuals whose unwillingness to accept external standards of literary taste and propriety could only corrupt contemporary critical intelligence, which in Éliot's view, required objectified measures of quality, not an enthusiastic responsiveness to what the critic found pleasing on personal grounds and for no other reason.
'Function of Criticism', by T. S. Eliot, published in 1923, basically a response to Middleton Murry's essay 'Romanticism and the Tradition'. The essay revisits Tradition and the Individual Talent, opposes the view of Murry and describes the function of literary criticism and a good critic.

Percy Bysshe Shelley compared 'the mind in creation' to 'a fading coal in his essay "A Defence of Poetry" written in 1821 and published posthumously in 1840. By comparing the mind of the poet to the image of a fading coal, Shelley argues that poets do not rely on "will power" and "determination", as in the case with logic or reason; instead, they focus on beauty of everything in nature. Thus, they have no control over when or how inspiration will strike.
Shelley wrote 'A Defence of Poetry' in response to an essay "The Four Ages of Poetry' written by his friend, Thomas Love Peacock.

Cleanth Brooks considered paraphrase as 'a heresy'
"The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks.
Cleanth Brooks in this essay tries to put forward that any reductionist attempt to transform poetic meaning to a prose statement such as descriptive or thematic interpretative is to do injustice to a poem. It is one's failure to recognize the poem as a poem.
The heresy is that a assuming that the meaning of a work of art (particularly of a poetry) can be paraphrased.

Empiricist linguistics is concerned with directly observable sense-data.
The term empiricism derived from the ancient Greek word empeiria, "experience".
The meaning of the term (in philosophy) is the view that all concepts originate in experience, that all concepts are about or applicable to things that can be experienced, or that all rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only through experience.
Empiricists maintain that children learn the syntax of their language by using only general learning capacities through experience (their senses).

In Noam Chomsky's definition of grammar, 'transformation' and 'generation' are two features, drawn from mathematics. Chomsky's theories of grammar and language are often referred to as "generative", "transformational", or "Transformational-generative".
In a mathematical sense, "generative" simply means "formally explicit". In the case of language, however, the meaning of them typically also includes the nation of "productivity" i.e. the capacity to produce an infinite number of grammatical houses and sentences using only finite means.
Chomsky's theories are "transformational" in the sense that they account for the syntactic and semantic properties of sentence by means of modification of structure of a phrase in the course of its generation.

'Potato' is a sixteenth-century borrowing into English from Spanish.

From Spanish Patata, variant of Taino batata, in mid 16th it gained its current name potato is English.

The circles signify "the type of spread the pattern of acquisition and the functional domains in which English language is used across cultures and languages".

Randolph Quirk is the founder of the Survey of English usage (SEU). The Survey of English Usage (the survey) was founded in 1959 in which many well-known linguists have spent time doing research at the survey. Among them are : Valerie Adams, John Algeo, David Crystal, Sidney Greenbaum, Joe Taglicht and many others.
The survey has produced the grammatical and syntactic annotation schemes for the ICE (International Corpus of English) corpora as well as numerous software packages to support the compilation of the project.