UGC NTA NET/JRF EXAM, December 2022 HISTORY (Shift-II)

Alara, the great teacher of the Buddha belong to Kalamas of Kesaputta which is now situated in Kudwar in Sultanpur Distinct siddharth left his home in age of 29 years. he wandered 7 years in search of knowledge. after 7 years he come in Ashrama of Alara kalama (Sankhya Acharya) near vaishali.

Ramanujacharya Propounded philosophy of Vishishtadvaita. According to Vishishtadvaita philosophy Brahman is eternal the soul and material world both exist only through Brahman. Vishishtadvaita doesn't see the world as simply illusion, which would make it separate for Brahman. The material world is part of Brahman's nature.

The critical edition of the Mahabharata project was led as General editor by V.S. Sukthankar. He started this project in 1925 Project finally completed in 1966. English translation of critical edition was undertaken by J.A.B. Van Buitenen.
* Mahabharata's Persian translation was commissioned by Akbar. with name Razmnama (Book of war).

Gandaraditya was son of Parantanka Chola I. He Ruled chola empire between 950-956 A.D. Gandaraditya was not expansionist. He was keen in building temples. He was devotee of lord Shiva and built numerous Shiva temples. Gandaraditya was poet he composed hymns on lord Shiva. He composed Thiruvisaippa poetic work on Lord Shiva in Chidambaram temple.'

Yamaka is not a Jain text. Yamaka is the scriptures of a Buddhist monk laws in Pali canon. It is a text on applied logic and analysis included in Abhidhamma Pitaka. Nisitha Sutra is part of Acaranga sutra of Jainism.
Abidhana chintamani is a vocabulary of Jain doctrines composed by Hemchandra. Tattvarthadhigama sutra is ancient Jain text composed by Acharya Umaswami. It is considered first Jain text in Sanskrit.

The founder of Kardamaka dynasty was chastana, kardamaka's were saka rulers who ruled India for nearly 300 years. Kardamaka rulers issued silver coins which bear name and title of the issuing ruler and his father and coins were continuously dated.
* chastana ruled India during 78-130 СЕ.

Jinaprabhasuri in his book Vividhtirthakalpa include a section on the holy city of Mathura. The building of Jaina stupa (mathura) has legend associated with it as mentioned by Jinaprabha suri in his 14th century text Vividha tirtha kalpa. He says "Two monks came to Mathura and lodging in a garden converted its mistress, a goddess, so that compensate for her failure to the Jain community the stupa there, constructed a replica of it made out of gold and Jewels. Thus the stupa is called Devanirmit stupa.
* " Vividhatirtha kalpa contains 60 sections on the holy cities of Jainism.

King 'para' is associated with Kosala kingdom. Kosala was among 16 Mahajanapadas. It extended from awadh region to Orissa. Shakya clan territory developed in kosala- about 500 BCE during the reign of Prasenjit it was regarded as one of the four powers of the north.
Shravasti was the capital city of kosala.

Copy of 7th major rock edict is found engraved on a bowl. 7th rock edict mentioned Tolerance towards religions among all sects and welfare measures for the public in his as well as his neighboring kingdoms.
8th rock edict- mentioned Ashoka's first visit to Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi tree. 11th rock edict- mentioned Dhamma as the best policy to follow which includes respect for elders and concerned for slaves and servants.
13th rock edict- Mentioned victory over kalinga and gives Vivid picture of the change of Ashoka from an aggressive and violent warrior to a great lover and preacher of peace

Dasa Brahman jataka shows caste was not rigidly tied to craft. Jataka tales were stories of previous births of Buddha.
* Suttavibanaga is the first book of the Theravadin Vinaya Pitaka. It is commentary on the community rules.
* Chullavagga mentioned first and second Buddhist councils and establishment of the community of bhikkhunis.
* Kathavattu was authored by Mogaliputta Tissa.