UGC NTA NET/JRF EXAM, December 2024 HISTORY

In 1903, Rhys Davis first discovered republics in India with the aim of challenging the imperialist viewpoint. These republics were not like modern republics/democracies. In republics, power was vested in an aristocracy, and therefore, they had no hereditary king. It appears that the Buddhist Sangha operated on this system of Ganas.
The Ekapanna Jataka states that the capital of the Licchavi Republic was Vaishali, where the kingdom was always ruled by 7,707 kings. While monarchies of the sixth century BCE had established strong military organizations, republics did not. The Licchavi Republic had a powerful army, but in peacetime, soldiers engaged in agriculture and other occupations.

According to Buddhism, a person on the path to enlightenment is a Bodhisattva and attains Buddhahood after complete enlightenment. Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva is the Bodhisattva of compassion. According to the Mahayana sect, one cannot attain nirvana without saving all beings in the world. Maitreya is considered the future Bodhisattva. Manjushri represents Bodhisattva wisdom, and Vangkapani represents power. Amitabha is one of the five meditating Buddhas in Mahayana Buddhism.

In February 1857, the 19th Native Infantry stationed at Baharampur, Bengal, refused to use the Enfield rifle because of rumors that its cartridges contained cow and pig fat. On May 10, 1857, the sepoys formally launched the rebellion in Meerut. On the morning of May 11, the Meerut sepoys captured Delhi. Hundreds of British soldiers, including the political agent Simon Prager, were killed in the campaign.
Bahadur Shah Zafar declared himself Emperor of India. Khan Bahadur, grandson of former Nawab of Rohilkhand Hafiz Rahmat Khan, led the rebellion in Bareilly. In Lucknow, Begum Hazrat Mahal, wife of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, declared her son Virjis Qadir as Nawab and led the rebellion. On May 2, 1857, soldiers of the 7th Awadh Regiment revolted against the Company, but the rebellion was soon suppressed by the Company.
Note: The UGC has removed this question from the question paper due to the absence of option D in Hindi in the final answer key.

The Hyderabad State was established by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1724. Nizam-ul-Mulk did not declare his independence, but in practice, he functioned as an independent ruler. Adopting a policy of tolerance towards Hindus, he appointed a Hindu, Puran Chand, as his Diwan.

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The book The Bahmanis of the Deccan was authored by Harun Khan Sherwani. This book was published in 1985. Professor Harun Khan Sherwani was an Indian historian and writer. The Maulana Azad National Urdu University has established the Centre for Deccan Studies in his honor.

The term Athenian matron was used for married women in Athens. The Athenian matron had two main functions: bearing children and managing the household. A series of paintings is found in Cave 2 at Ajanta, depicting the bedroom of Buddha's mother, Mayadevi.
Next to it are paintings of the Bodhisattva, Mayadevi, and Shuddhodhan, along with attendants. Next to this is the allegorical story of Buddha's birth. In connection with these paintings, some historians call Mayadevi the Athenian matron.

In the Kakatiya and Yadava dynasties, military officers called nayaks were appointed as provincial chiefs. The developed form of the nayaks system is visible in the Vijayanagara Empire. Historians have attempted to define the nayaks system as a feudal system in the Vijayanagara administration. In the Vijayanagara Empire, the nayaks (commanders) were appointed by the king himself. The king provided them with large tracts of land (cultivable land) as salary, called 'amaram'.
Their primary tasks were to organize the army, accompany the king in battles with the army when necessary, and protect the public. The nayaks enjoyed many freedoms and privileges from the central government. If the nayaks acted against the king's wishes, the king could remove them from office. Some historians have equated the nayakar system with the provincial government system. The nayaks also played a significant role in the downfall of the Vijayanagara regime.
Note: Since none of the options is true, the UGC has rejected the Nayaks. This question was excluded from evaluation in the final answer key.

Around 1833, Rocke delivered several lectures on history writing in Berlin at seminars. Rocke's series of lectures revolutionized history writing and was therefore called the Berlin Revolution. It taught how to obtain, analyze, and present primary sources. Thus, the critical examination of primary sources in history writing began with the Berlin Revolution.

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