UGC NTA NET/JRF EXAM, December 2024 HISTORY

Clive implemented the Dual Government system in Bengal in 1765. The Company appointed two Deputy Diwans (Muhammad Raza Khan for Bengal and Raja Shitab Rai for Bihar) to administer civil services. Muhammad Raza Khan was also given the title of Deputy Nazim. In 1772, Warren Hastings abolished the Dual Government system in Bengal. Hastings also implemented the Farming System for land revenue collection in 1772.
Lord Cornwallis implemented the Dahsala system in 1790, which was converted into the Permanent Settlement in 1793, recognizing the landowner as the landowner. The first land system in the Madras Presidency was implemented in the Baramahal district in 1792 by Captain Reed, with the assistance of Thomas Munro, and is known as the Ryotwari system.
Following the Regulations of 1833, R. Martin Bird was tasked with developing the land revenue system in North India and Awadh. Bird provided detailed surveys to assess the revenue of an entire Mahal, or fiscal unit. This system is known as the Mahalwari system.

The Indian Councils Act of 1909 permitted the Governor General to nominate an Indian member to the Executive Council. The Governor General nominated Satyendra Prasad Sinha as the Law Member. Satyendra Prasad Sinha was the first Indian and Law Member to join the Governor General's Executive Council.

Under Company rule, approximately 12 famines and severe droughts occurred in various parts of India, while under Crown administration, approximately 10 famines and several droughts occurred. Key facts related to famines in India are as follows:
1. In 1860-61, a severe famine struck the NorthWestern Provinces, severely affecting Delhi and Agra.
2. In 1866-67, Orissa experienced a severe famine, and the main affected area was described as the "Sea of Calamity."
3. In 1868-69, a severe famine struck Rajputana, severely affecting the areas of Marwar, Bikaner, and Ajmer.
4. In 1866-67, a famine struck the Madras Presidency, spreading to Bellary, Salem, Coimbatore, and South Arcot.
5. In 1868-69, famine-like conditions also occurred in areas of Punjab, Bombay, and the Central Provinces.

History is the study of past events. Generally, history examines how historical events shaped the past or continue to shape the present. Science is the analysis of the physical world around us. Science attempts to understand the laws that govern the universe. There are the following fundamental differences between history and science:
• History studies phenomena that are unique, while science studies general phenomena.
• History, unlike science, includes religion and morality.
• History is incapable of making predictions, while science can.

The Mehrgarh archaeological site is located near the Bolan Pass in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is one of the earliest Neolithic sites. Evidence of the earliest agriculture in the Indian subcontinent is found in Mehrgarh, Lahuradeva, and Koldihwa. The Kholvi Caves, located in the Kholvi (Kolvi) village of Jhalawar district in Rajasthan, are carved with Buddhist images. Buddhist stupas and chaityas have also been found here. These caves were built between the 6th and 8th centuries. Masulipatnam is a port city that became a major trade center in the 17th century. Kalibangan, located in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, is a major site of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was discovered by Amalananda Ghosh in 1952.

Footnotes are notes placed at the end of a page and used to reference parts of the text. Writers use footnotes for several purposes:
1. To indicate the precise context for a statement in the text
2. To explain certain topics not mentioned or elaborated upon in the text
3. To enable the reader to question the validity of a definitive statement through the source

Established on January 24, 1857, the University of Calcutta was Asia's first multidisciplinary university based on the Western system. Initially, the University of Calcutta functioned solely as an affiliating and examining body. All academic and teaching work was conducted in the constituent colleges. In 1858, two out of eight candidates who appeared for the graduation examination were successful. These two candidates were Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Jadunath Bose.

The Objectives Resolution of the Constitution was drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru. It outlines the philosophy and basic features of the Constitution. The Objectives Resolution currently serves as the Preamble to the Constitution. Jawaharlal Nehru introduced it in the Constituent Assembly in December 1946, and it was adopted on January 22, 1947.

Rajashekhar lived in the courts of Mahendrapal (890-908 AD) and Mahipal (910-940 AD), the Pratihara rulers of Kannauj. Rajashekhar was a renowned Sanskrit poet and playwright. His five major works include Bal Ramayana, Bal Bharat, Karpurmanjari (Karpurmanjari), and the treatise on poetic rhetoric.

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was born on June 27, 1858, in Bengal. He was a nationalist poet, journalist, and novelist. He was called the emperor of Bengali literature. He wrote Vande Mataram in the 1810s, which became a symbol of national consciousness during the Swadeshi movement. Chatterjee published the novel Anandamath in 1882. The song Vande Mataram is included in Anandamath. His other works include Devi Chaudharani, Durgeshnandini, Kapalkundala, and Bishvriksha.