UGC NTA NET/JRF EXAM, December 2024 HISTORY

Karl Raymond Popper was born on July 28, 1902, in Vienna. Popper was a great social and political philosopher of the twentieth century. For Popper, the central problem in the philosophy of science was to distinguish between science and non-science. Karl Popper wrote several books, such as The Open Society and Its Enemies, The Poverty of Historicism, and The Logic of Scientific Discovery.

In 1858, the East India Company was abolished and direct rule by the Crown was introduced. The Crown passed the Uniform Penal Code, Civil and Criminal Procedure Codes, etc. In this vein, the Indian High Courts Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1861, which empowered the three Presidencies to establish a High Court.

The correct pair of books is as follows:

The 22nd Tirthankara of Jainism was Lord Neminatha. The Jain Tirthankaras Rishabhdev and Neminatha are mentioned in the Rigveda. According to Jain tradition, Neminatha was a cousin of Lord Krishna. His parents were Queen Shiva Devi and King Samudravijaya. Neminatha's teachings emphasize the importance of nonviolence, detachment from material possessions, and spiritual pursuit. He attained enlightenment on Mount Girnar.

By the 9th century, the Pala power declined as their weak successors were defeated by the Rashtrakutas and Pratiharas. Assam and Orissa declared independence. The Chandelas and Kalachuris claim that their armies defeated the Gaudas, Radhas, Angas, and Vangas. By the 10th century, the Pala dynasty reemerged under the leadership of Mahipala I.

Indian culture is culturally oriented. Our sages and saints have considered human life a means to attain the four goals of life (Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha). To achieve these goals, it is essential to be cultured. Therefore, the Acharyas have established a system of rituals from before birth until death. There is disagreement in the scriptures regarding the number of rituals. Generally, there are 16 rituals. These rituals are divided into three categories: rituals related to the previous life, rituals after birth, and rituals related to the death. These rituals include the Garbhadhan ritual, Punsavan ritual, and Seemantonnayan ritual.

The tradition of Yagya in Hinduism has been prevalent since the Vedic period. According to tradition, Yagya is performed to fulfill desires or avert a bad event. A Yagya altar is constructed for these yagyas. The Shulvasutra provides the method for constructing the Yagya altar. Megalithic tombs, pit tombs, and walled-holes are types of burials found during the Megalithic period.

Bibi Ka Maqbara is located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state. This tomb was built by Prince Azam Shah during the reign of Aurangzeb, in memory of his mother, Rabia-ud-Daurani, between 1651 and 1661. Safdarjung's Tomb was built in Delhi in 1754 by Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh during the reign of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. The Jamatkhana Mosque (Khilji Mosque) was built by Khinka Khan, son of Alauddin Khilji, between 1315 and 1325. The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built by Qutbuddin Aibak, the first ruler of the Sultanate. Daulatabad Fort was built by the Yadava king Bhillam V in the 11th century AD.

Alauddin Khilji ruled Delhi between 1296 and 1316. He was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty. His real name was Ali Gurushap. Alauddin implemented unique economic reforms, such as the market system. He expanded the Sultanate into South India.

William Harrison Morland (1868–1938) was a British civil servant. He wrote several books on the economic history of India, including The Agrarian System of Muslim India, India at the Death of Akbar, From Akbar to Aurangzeb, etc. The author of Some Aspects of Muslim Administration is R.P. Tripathi. The author of The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb is Athar Ali.
Note: In the final answer key, the University has excluded this question from evaluation due to the reference given in this question being Aurangzeb instead of Moreland's book India at the Death of Akbar'.