UGC NTA NET/JRF EXAM, December 2024 HISTORY

Khudkasht refers to a class of farmers who owned land and cultivated it through family labor. The Mansabdari system was a unique administrative system introduced by the Mughal emperor Akbar. According to Mu'tamid Khan, "Akbar established rank categories from Daha Bashi (10) to Panch Hazari under the Mansabdari system." The Mansab had a dual meaning. The Zat designation indicated the mansabdar's salary, while the Sawar designation indicated the number of horsemen the mansabdar had.
Thus, the Sawar designation was a numerical rank. According to a rule, soldiers with Singh-Aspaha (three-horse), Duh-Aspaha (two-horse), and Yak-Aspaha (one-horse) were required to report for Daag (testing) with their horses. The law of confiscation was central to the service conditions of the Mughal nobility. Under this system, after the death of a nobleman, the emperor confiscated his movable and immovable property to recover outstanding dues.

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Lord Elphinstone was a British politician, diplomat, and administrator. He was Governor of Bombay between 1818 and 1827. In 1830, Elphinstone founded the Royal Geographical Society with six other colleagues. Elphinstone died on November 20, 1859. In 1859, Elphinstone wrote in a summary of the proceedings that "the division of the empire was the ancient Roman goal, and it should be our goal."

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Early European monetary standards were based on the silver standard. By 1850, only Britain and some colonies were on the gold standard. The international gold standard was introduced in 1873. In 1900, a gold standard reserve was created in Bombay from profits earned from coins issued for remittances to London, and was transferred to London in 1902. This gold standard reserve was created partly to cushion exchange fluctuations, cover expenses, and purchase silver for coinage.

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The chronological order of the kings is as follows:
1. Udiyanjeral  2 Senguttuvan  3. Karikala 4. Nedunselian 5. Senganan

The First Battle of Panipat was fought in April 1526 AD between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur, in which Babur was victorious, laying the foundation of the Mughal Empire. Daulat Khan Lodi supported Babur in this battle. Ibrahim Lodi's army was numerically larger, but Babur's army was more skilled in warfare. The outcome of the First Battle of Panipat was in Babur's favor due to factors such as the Tulugama warfare strategy and the use of the Ottoman method of cannon decoration. Babur used gunpowder for the first time in India during the Battle of Panipat.
Note: Regarding the Battle of Belgaum (Battle of Kodhal) fought in 1367 between Muhammad Shah I and King Bukka I of Vijayanagara, Ferishta mentions that gunpowder was used for the first time in India.

The Udayagiri cave inscription of Chandragupta (d. Vikramaditya) mentions the Sanakanik Maharaja, the head of the Sanakanik Republic. This inscription indicates that the heads of the republics held the title of Raja or Maharaja. According to Altekar, the position of head in the Sanakanik Republic had become hereditary by the time of Chandragupta (d.). Thus, by the time of Chandragupta (d.), the Sanakanik Republic had transformed from a non-monarchical to a neo-monarchical group.

In 1817, with the support of Rajamohan Roy, David Hare founded the Calcutta Hindu College, Asia's first modern educational institution. It was renamed Presidency College in 1855. Lord Hastings was patron of Hindu College from 1817 to 1823. In 1823, H.Н. Wilson was appointed the first Visitor of Hindu College.