UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, June-2020 ENGLISH (Shift-I)

Deductive method: starts from a theory. To prove it, we use some information, to test that theory. This method usually termed as general-to-specific approach.
Inductive method: starts from specific to general (theory). We reach to some conclusion from some specific point to generalize. This method is also called as 'Bottom-Up' approach.

(i) Salmagundi- is a US quarterly periodical, featuring cultural criticism, fiction and poetry, along with transcripts of symposia and interviews with prominent writers and intellectuals.
(ii) Diacritics- is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1971. This journal publishes original work in around critical theory, broadly conceived.
(iii) Callaloo- The premier journal of literature, art and culture of the African Diaspora, publishes original work by and about writers and visual artistsof African descent-worldwide. It was established in 1976 by Charles Rowell.
(iv) Grand Street- was an American magazine which appeared from 1981 to Fall 2004. It was described by The New York Times as "one of the most revered literary magazines of the postwar era".

Post-Structuralism is a late-twentieth century development in philosophy and literary theory, particularly associated with the work of Jacques Derrida. It originated as a reaction against structuralism, which first emerged in Ferdinand de Saussure's work on linguistics. By the 1950s structuralism had been adapted in anthropology (Levi-Strauss).
Psychoanalysis (Lacan) and Literary theory (Barthes), and there were hopes that it could provide the framework for rigorous account in all areas of the human sciences. Post-structuralism decenters the subject. The deletion of the author leave the readers as the focal point of post-structural criticism. An interesting aspect of post-structuralism is the currency of the term "discourse".

Saussure says that language is really a borderland between thought and sound, where thought and sound combine to provide communication. Spoken language includes the communication of concepts by means of sound-images from the speaker to the listener. Language must be considered as a social phenomenon, a structure system that can be viewed synchronically (as it exists at any particular time). Saussure's theory of language, the linguistic system in each individual's brain is constructed from experience.

Reception theory is a version of reader response literary theory that emphasized each particular reader's reception or interpretation in making meaning from a literary text. Hans Robert Jauss's version of reception theory was introduced in late 1960s, a period of social, political and intellectual instability in West Germany. Jauss's reception theory focused on the reader rather than the author or text.

The term 'Metaphysical poet' was coined by the critic Samuel Johnson. Metaphysical poetry is marked by the use of elaborate figurative languages, original conceits, paradoxes and philosophical topics. The best known metaphysical poet is John Donne. He is followed by others such as Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell and George Herbert.

In the opening sentence of the 'Poetics' Aristotle tells us that he is going to deal with poetry itself, its kind and their powers and so on. He then turns to a discussion of imitation or representation. Aristotle suggests to distinguish poetry from painting, music and dancing which are also imitation. So the statement the value of poetry by focusing on imitation (mimesis) rather than rhetoric is true.

Samuel Johnson wrote Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets in 1779-81. In this, he comprises the quote while describing about Milton. Milton wrote the lines as the ending paragraph of his Paradise Lost. Johnson describes that the variety of pauses, so much boasted by the lovers of blank verse, changes the measures of an English Poet to the periods of a disclaims; and these are only a few skilful and happy readers of Milton who enable 'Blank Verse', said an ingenious critic, 'seems to be verse only to the eye'.

Sidney penned several major works of the Elizabethan era, including 'Astrophel and Stella', the first Elizabethan sonnet cycle and .Arcadia, a heroic prose romance. He was also known for his literary criticism, known as The Defense of Poesy. Sidney has described about 'Poetry' in his work 'An Apology for Poetry' and describes that poetry is of three kinds. They are : (a) Religious poetry (b) Philosophical Poetry (c) Poetry as an imaginative treatment of life and nature. He also describe poetry as an art of imitation, a representing, counterfeiting or figuring forth; to speak metaphorically, a speaking picture, with this end - to 'teach and delight'.

'The Anxiety of Influence : A Theory of Poetry' is a 1973 book by Harold Bloom. It was the first in a series of books that advanced a new "revisionary" or antithetical approach to literary criticism. Bloom's central thesis is that poets are hindered in their creative process by the ambiguous relationship they necessarily maintain with precursor poets.
Clinamen- Bloom defines this as "poetic misreading or misprision proper". He took the word 'Clinamen' from "Lucretius", who refers to swerves of atoms that makes change possible.