UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Management, December-2021/June-2022

Fast changes in environment will go against the wide span of management because in this case, managing the people becomes more difficult as the fast changes in environment itself will be the big challenge for the management. Hence, fast changes in external and internal environment is not the characteristics of wide span of management.

Unity of direction' is a principle of management which states that for a group of activity having the same objective, there should be one head and one plan.
• 'Division of work' means to divide or break up a single complicated job into different smaller specialised tasks. According to Fayol, "The intent of division of work is to produce more and better work for the same effort."
• 'Unity of command' principle states that there should be one and only one boss for every individual employee.
• Centralization is concentration of decision-making authority at the top management whereas its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralization.

If goods price (P) is less than the average variable cost (AVC), a competitive firm is advised to shut down operations temporarily if it cannot recover its fixed costs in short run, i.e. (P< AVC)
• In the long run, when the firm can recover both fixed and variable costs, it will choose to exit if the price is less than average total cost. i.e. (P <ATC)

Percentage of output lost for each one point reduction in the inflation rate is called sacrifice ratio.
• It is an economic ratio that measures the effect of rising and falling inflation on a country's total production and output.
• Costs are related to the economic output slowdown brought on by a decline inflation. When prices decline businesses may reduce production because they are less motivated to make products.
• The ratio calculates the output loss for every 1% change in inflation.

Salary of servant employed by an employee is monetary perquisite, which is taxable for all employees. The other taxable perquisites are :- Reimbursement of gas, water, electricity bill school fees > Rs. 1000, motor car expenses private travel bill of transport employees.
• 'Perquisite' is defined in section 17(2) of Income tax "as" any casual emolument or benefit attached to an office or position in addition to salary or wages."

Organizational climate is an overall 'Feeling' that is conveyed by the physical layout, the way participants interact and the way members of the organization conduct themselves with customers or other outsiders.

According to 'FRED LUTHANS' causes of job stress can be divided into four categories. i.e. Administrative policies and strategies, organizational structure and design, organisation processes & working conditions.
• Little performance feedback, Tight controls, only downward communication, centralized decision making, Lack of participation in decisions etc. are organisational process related job stress.

According to 'Zaleznik' (1977) "Doing the right things' is the characteristic of Leader, which means that leaders will to the right things, they know which work is right.
• 'Doing thing right' in the characteristic of a managers which means that manager will to the things in right way. They not know which work is right or wrong whatever work is given to the manager, he will do it correctly

According to the Economic Times Study, 'DHL Express India private Limited' is India's best company to work for in 2021.
• Every year, Great place to work indentifies India's 100 best companies to work for (with employee strength pre than 500) through on objective and rigorous workplace culture assessment process.
• DHL express transports urgent documents and goods reliably and on time form door to door in more than 220 countries.
• DHL is an American founded German logistics company.

The Dunlop theory of industrial relations was given by sociologist John Dunlop in 1958. This theory states that the industrial system is comprised of three distinct parts i.e. management, Labour and government. The industrial relations system is, in essence, a social subsystem, according to Dunlop's theory, and its actions are determined by external or environmental forces like technology, economy and political power and the relationship between employers and employees is determined by all three of these environmental or external factors.