UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, February-2023

The WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) is an organized method for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data in order to monitor intra-country and inter-country NCD risk factors.

This approach encompasses: (a) Socio-demographic information - including age, gender, education, and income. (b) Physical measurements - such as weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure.

(d) Biochemical measurements - like blood glucose and cholesterol, which are used to detect conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

The World Health Organization SouthEast Asia Region comprises 11 countries. These include: (b) Bangladesh, (d) Thailand, along with Bhutan, DPR Korea, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Timor-Leste.

Notably, (a) Afghanistan is a part of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and (c) Pakistan is also in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, not the South-East Asia Region.

The Apgar scoring system evaluates the newborn's health immediately after birth, specifically at 1 and 5 minutes post-delivery.

This score is determined based on five critical criteria: (a) Heart Rate, (d) Respiratory effort (how well the baby is breathing), (a) Muscle tone, (d) Skin coloration, and (d) Reflex response to stimuli (such as a slight pinch).

Each of these parameters can receive between 0 and 2 points, leading to a maximum total score of 10. The score helps assess the baby's immediate need for medical attention.

Counselling is a crucial component in the management and prevention of HIV/ AIDS. Various types of counselling related to HIV/AIDS include: (a) Peer counselling - where trained individuals who share characteristics or experiences with the person being counselled offer guidance.

(d) Pre-test counselling - given before the HIV test to prepare the person for the potential results and implications. (e) Post-test counselling - provided after the HIV test, offering support and information tailored to the results, whether positive or negative.

While "prospective" and "retrospective" are terms used in research studies, they aren't standard counselling types related to HIV/AIDS.

"Regression in time" during an interview is a technique where the respondent is asked to recall and revisit past events or experiences. This method can be beneficial for various reasons: (b) It can increase the accuracy of recall.

By asking individuals to return mentally to a specific time or event, it can jog their memory and provide more accurate details. (e) It can decrease the "Don't know" response. The regression technique can help respondents remember events they might have otherwise forgotten or overlooked.

Modern sewage treatment plants are designed to purify wastewater through various processes: (a) Screening: This is the initial phase where large solid objects are filtered out using III. Vertical or inclined steel bars usually set at specific distances apart. (b) Grit Chamber: Its main I.

Function is to allow the settlement of heavier solids like sand and gravel. By settling these, the treatment process becomes more efficient in the later stages. (c) Primary sedimentation: This involves IV.

Very large tanks holding from 1/4 to 1/3 of the dry weather flow where the suspended solids in the water settle at the bottom. (d) Secondary sedimentation: Here, the II.

Sludge that collects is termed "aerated sludge" because the sewage is aerated, allowing beneficial bacteria to consume organic waste, turning it into a harmless gas.

Health economic analysis is pivotal for ensuring the efficient use of resources: (a) Cost Benefit: In this, the costs and benefits are measured in III. Money.

It tries to determine if the monetary benefits of an intervention outweigh the costs. (b) Costeffective: It evaluates which interventions give the best outcome for the least cost. The output is typically measured in terms like II.

Number of deaths prevented. (c) Cost utility: This type of analysis assesses the cost of a health intervention in terms of its ability to add quality years of life or QALYs (IV. QALY). (d) Cost minimization:

Here, the focus is on minimizing costs for the same health outcome, which is measured in I. Money.

Data types and their scales of measurement vary, leading to different forms of data representation: (a) Age in completed years represents a count, and it's measured on a II. Discrete scale.

(b) Gender, which can be male or female, is categorized and measured on a IV. Nominal scale. (c) Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Grade signifies a ranking, making it I. Ordinal. (d) Body weight, which can have a vast range of values, is measured on a III. Continuous scale.

Different types of disasters require specialized modalities for their management: (a) Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones, fall under the purview of the II. Ministry of Home Affairs.

(b) Biological disasters, which include epidemics and pandemics, are managed by the III. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as they directly pertain to public health.

(c) Drought relief, which includes measures to combat water scarcity, is overseen by the I. Ministry of Agriculture.

(d) Chemical disasters, like chemical spills or industrial chemical accidents, fall under the jurisdiction of the IV. Ministry of Environment and Forest because of the potential environmental hazards associated with such incidents.