UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2023

Genetic make-up is not considered a socio-economic-behavioural determinant of health. Socio-economic and behavioural determinants include factors like economic status, education, and lifestyle factors, which are external conditions affecting an individual's health.

Economic status influences access to healthcare, nutritious food, and living conditions. Education impacts health literacy, enabling better health choices. Lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and smoking directly affect health outcomes.

Genetic make-up, on the other hand, refers to the inherited characteristics that predispose individuals to certain health conditions and is categorized under biological determinants of health, not socio-economic-behavioural ones.

The sampling interval in 30 cluster sampling is calculated using the formula: Total cumulative population/30. This method ensures that each cluster represents a proportionate segment of the population, facilitating a representative sample.

Option B, one cluster population/30, is incorrect because it does not consider the total population. Option C, Total cumulative population/15, and Option D, Total cumulative population/7, would result in a smaller number of clusters, leading to less reliable data representation.

Therefore, dividing the total cumulative population by 30 ensures an accurate interval for sampling.

The perinatal period extends from 28 weeks of gestation (or 1000 grams birth weight) up to 7 days of life after birth. This definition is critical for monitoring and improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. It encompasses the late stages of fetal development and the early neonatal period, both crucial for infant survival.

Option B, 34 weeks of gestation (or 1500 grams birth weight) up to 7 days, narrows the period inaccurately. Option C, 7th to 28th day of life, defines the postnatal period. Option D, 29th day to 365 days, defines the infant period. Thus, option A is correct for defining the perinatal period.

The correct full form of "PHEIC" as per the International Health Regulation 2005 (IHR) is Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

This term is used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to denote an extraordinary event that poses a public health risk through the international spread of disease and requires a coordinated international response.

Option B, Public health event of International concern, is incorrect because "event" does not capture the urgency conveyed by "emergency." Options C and D, mentioning "International conflict," are incorrect as they misrepresent the nature of the health crisis addressed by PHEIC.

The child death rate considers deaths of children aged 1 year and above, making it different from other mortality indicators that start from the day of birth. The infant mortality rate includes deaths within the first year of life.

The neonatal mortality rate covers deaths within the first 28 days of life. The under-five proportionate mortality rate includes all deaths under the age of five, starting from the day of birth.

Thus, the child death rate uniquely starts counting from age 1 year, distinguishing it from the other indicators which all start from birth.

The "waterline" of the iceberg in the iceberg phenomenon of disease represents the demarcation between apparent and inapparent cases of disease.

The iceberg model illustrates that the visible part above the waterline represents the clinically apparent cases, while the larger, submerged part represents the inapparent, subclinical, or undiagnosed cases.

This model emphasizes that a significant portion of disease prevalence may be hidden and undiagnosed, thus influencing public health interventions. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the concept of apparent versus inapparent cases illustrated by the iceberg model.

Coronary heart diseases have a higher incidence in the upper socio-economic class compared to the lower socio-economic class in India. This is attributed to lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and stress, which are more prevalent in the upper socio-economic class.

Options A, B, and C are associated with higher incidence in the lower socio-economic class due to factors like poor sanitation, limited access to healthcare, and malnutrition. Therefore, coronary heart diseases stand out as the exception among the diseases listed, having a higher incidence in a different socioeconomic group.

Tuberculosis is not a disease that must be reported under International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005. IHR focuses on diseases with significant potential for international spread and public health impact, such as Cholera, Pneumonic plague, and Yellow fever.

These diseases can cause outbreaks that necessitate immediate international attention and coordination. Tuberculosis, while a serious public health issue, does not meet the criteria for mandatory reporting under IHR because its spread and management are more localized and do not typically require the same level of international coordination.

A Pie chart best presents qualitative data. Pie charts are useful for displaying the proportional distribution of categorical variables, making it easy to visualize and compare different categories.

Options A (Histogram), B (Line chart), and C (Scatter Diagram) are more suitable for quantitative data. Histograms display the distribution of numerical data. Line charts show trends over time. Scatter diagrams depict the relationship between two numerical variables. Therefore, for qualitative data, a pie chart is the most appropriate choice.

Maternal mortality rate is not part of the numerator in calculating the Global Hunger Index (GHI). The GHI uses three indicators: the proportion of undernourished people, the proportion of children under the age of five who are underweight, and the mortality rate of children under the age of five.

These indicators collectively reflect the multidimensional nature of hunger. The maternal mortality rate, while an important health indicator, does not directly measure hunger and thus is not included in the GHIІ. Options A, B, and D are all components of the GHI calculation, emphasizing undernutrition and child mortality.