UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2023

Physical proximity, similarity of background, and limited self-interest are elements that belong to the primary group in sociology.

Primary groups are characterized by close, personal, and enduring relationships such as those found in families and close friendships. Physical proximity allows for regular interaction and the development of strong bonds.

Similarity of background facilitates mutual understanding and shared experiences. Limited self-interest ensures that members prioritize group welfare over individual gains.

Large size, on the other hand, is not typical of primary groups, which are usually small to maintain closeknit relationships.

Equitable distribution and community participation are principles of primary health care. Equitable distribution ensures that health services are accessible to all segments of the population, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Community participation involves engaging local communities in the planning and implementation of health care programs, ensuring that services are tailored to meet local needs.

Immunization against major infectious diseases and appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries are important health interventions, but they are not foundational principles of primary health care, which focuses on broader system-wide strategies.

Whooping cough, also known as "Hundred Day Cough," has complications including bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis, and bronchitis. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, not Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Therefore, option B is correct because it accurately describes the nickname of the disease and its complications. Oseltamivir, mentioned in option D, is an antiviral medication used to treat influenza, not whooping cough, making it an incorrect statement for this context.

A focus group discussion features a group moderator, the preparation of a sociogram, and a recorder who prepares the report. The group moderator guides the discussion, ensuring that it stays on topic and that all participants have the opportunity to contribute.

The sociogram is a visual representation of the relationships within the group, which helps in analyzing the dynamics of the discussion.

The recorder takes notes and prepares a comprehensive report of the discussion. The option involving 4 to 8 persons discussing a problem in front of a large group is not a typical feature of a focus group discussion, making options involving it incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (b), and (d) only.

Double blinding in clinical trials occurs when both the participants and the investigator (doctor) are unaware of the intervention.

This approach prevents bias in the treatment and assessment of participants by ensuring that neither the participants nor the doctors know who is receiving the active treatment or the placebo.

It helps to maintain the objectivity of the trial results. While the person analyzing the data and the regulator may also be blinded in some trials, double blinding specifically refers to blinding the participants and the investigators, making option (a) and (b) the correct choice.

The early expanding stage of the demographic cycle is characterized by a high birth rate and a decline in the death rate.

This stage typically occurs in societies undergoing economic and social development, where improvements in healthcare and sanitation reduce mortality rates, but birth rates remain high due to cultural or socioeconomic factors. As a result, the population starts to grow rapidly. Option (a), high birth rate. Option (d), decline in death rate.

The screening techniques for the early detection of breast cancer include breast self-examination, thermography, and mammography. Breast self-examination is a method where individuals check their own breasts for lumps or other changes.

Thermography is an imaging technique that detects heat patterns and blood flow in body tissues. Mammography is an X-ray imaging method specifically used for examining breast tissue.

Visual inspection with acetic acid is a technique used for cervical cancer screening, not breast cancer, making option D incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (b), and (c) only.

Modes of intervention that represent the tertiary level of prevention include disability limitation and rehabilitation. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.

Disability limitation involves strategies to prevent further deterioration or complications. Rehabilitation focuses on restoring patients to their highest possible level of functioning and helping them reintegrate into society.

Health promotion and specific protection are aspects of primary prevention, aimed at preventing the onset of disease. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a) and (c) only.

For the social support system, physical support includes assisting a visually challenged person to cross the road. Psychoemotive support involves emotionally supporting a person with leprosy with love and empathy.

Vocational support means helping a patient get adequate education, training, and appropriate work to support their living.

Economic support should involve providing financial assistance rather than borrowing money from the patient, which makes option B incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (c), and (d) only.

As per the Indian public health standards 2022, the staff available at Health and Wellness centres include a Community Health Officer (CHO), a Multipurpose Health Worker (female), and a Multipurpose Health Worker (male).

These professionals collectively provide comprehensive health services to the community. The Anganwadi Worker (AWW) primarily focuses on child development and nutrition services under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, and is not a core staff member of the Health and Wellness centres. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (b), and (d) only.