UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2023

The statements regarding McArdle's Maximum Allowable Sweat Rate that are true include the calculation of the Predicted Four-Hour Sweat Rate (P₄SR) and the combination of both dry and wet bulb temperature of air in the calculation of P₄SR.

These elements are used to assess thermal comfort and the body's ability to manage heat through sweating. McArdle's model helps determine safe sweat rates to prevent overheating and dehydration.

Option (a) is incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the specific volume of sweat used in McArdle's calculations.

Option (d) is incorrect because the P₄SR value of 10 is not universally recognized as the upper limit of the comfort zone. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (b) and (c) only.

The DASH diet is rich in fruits and vegetables and is recommended for patients with hypertension. This diet emphasizes the intake of nutrient-rich foods that help lower blood pressure, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.

It does not require an absolute zero intake of salt but rather a reduction in sodium intake. Additionally, it does not encourage increased consumption of dietary fat. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a) and (d) only.

According to the National Immunisation Schedule of India (year 2022), a 15-monthold child who has never been vaccinated before does not need to receive the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) and IPV (Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine).

BCG is typically given at birth or as early as possible, and the IPV schedule starts earlier in life. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a) and (d) only.

The communication process includes the sender, the receiver, and the message. These elements are essential for effective communication. The sender is the originator of the message, the receiver is the intended audience, and the message is the content being communicated.

The monitor is not a standard component of the basic communication process, making it incorrect for inclusion in this context. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (b), and (c) only.

The steps that are part of the planning cycle include the assessment of resources, monitoring, and evaluation. These steps are crucial for systematic planning, implementation, and review of projects or programs. Assessment of resources involves understanding available resources.

Monitoring involves tracking progress and making necessary adjustments. Evaluation assesses the outcomes and effectiveness of the plan. Pre-planning is a preparatory step that is often informal and not always considered a formal part of the planning cycle. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (c), and (d) only.

Safe and wholesome water is defined as being free from colour and odour, harmful chemical substances, and pathogenic agents. Colour and odour-free water ensures that it is aesthetically acceptable and likely safe for consumption.

Being free from harmful chemical substances, such as heavy metals or industrial pollutants, is crucial for preventing chronic and acute health conditions.

The absence of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, is essential for preventing waterborne diseases. Option (c), free from variations of temperature, is not a standard criterion for defining safe and wholesome water. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a), (b), and (d) only.

Contact surveys for leprosy case finding are performed using the technique of examining all contacts and are done with discretion to avoid alarming the community. Examining all contacts helps in identifying asymptomatic carriers and early cases, which is essential in high-prevalence areas. Conducting the survey discreetly ensures community cooperation and reduces stigma.

Option (a), which suggests the survey is done where the prevalence is generally high, and Option (d), which mentions it is ideal for screening preschool and school children, are incorrect because contact surveys can be performed regardless of overall prevalence rates and are not specifically targeted only at children.
Therefore, the correct answer includes options (b) and (c) only.

Patients undergoing vasectomy are advised to avoid cycling or lifting heavy weights for at least 15 days and to wear a scrotal support for the same period. These precautions help prevent complications such as bleeding, swelling, or injury to the surgical site.

Taking complete bed rest for 15 days is not necessary; rather, patients should avoid strenuous activities. Avoiding baths for 15 days is also not necessary; maintaining proper hygiene is important to prevent infections. Therefore, the correct advice includes options (a) and (b) only.

Case-control studies are prone to biases and cannot tell about the incidence of outcomes, unlike cohort studies. Biases such as recall bias and selection bias can significantly affect the validity of the results.

Since case-control studies are retrospective, they do not provide information on the incidence of outcomes, only on their prevalence.

Option (b), which states they are expensive, is incorrect; case-control studies are generally less costly compared to cohort studies.

Option (d), which mentions that temporal association can be proved better, is incorrect; cohort studies are better suited for establishing temporal relationships. Therefore, the correct answer includes options (a) and (c) only.

High-risk pregnancies include conditions such as anemia and a history of previous cesarean delivery. Anemia during pregnancy can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight.

A previous caesarean delivery increases the risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies, such as uterine rupture or placenta previa.

Short stature (150 cm and below) alone is not a definitive risk factor, and one spontaneous abortion does not necessarily classify a pregnancy as high risk without additional complications. Therefore, the correct classification includes options (b) and (c) only.