UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2023

Total Questions: 100

81. Identify the option which gives the correct sequence of steps for the usage of Wealth Index calculation as was used in National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4

(a) Standardization of assets scores in relation to Normal distribution
(b) Assigning weightage to each household assets using Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
(c) Sample is divided into quintiles
(d) Collecting household asset data and housing characteristics.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 

Correct Answer: B. (d), (b), (a), (c)
Solution:

The correct sequence for the usage of Wealth Index calculation in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 starts with collecting household asset data and housing characteristics. This data provides the basis for the index.

Next, weights are assigned to each household asset using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which identifies the most significant variables contributing to wealth.

The standardization of asset scores in relation to the normal distribution follows, ensuring comparability across different household types.

Finally, the sample is divided into quintiles, representing different wealth segments within the population. Therefore, the correct sequence is: (d), (b), (a), (c).

82. Correct sequence in Maslow's hierarchy of needs from top priority need upwards (from bottom to top of pyramid) is given by:

(a) Survival needs
(b) Physiological needs
(c) Esteem needs
(d) Social needs
Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 

Correct Answer: C. (b), (a), (d), (c)
Solution:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top is physiological needs, survival needs, social needs, and esteem needs. Physiological needs are the most basic human necessities, such as food, water, and shelter.

Survival needs include safety and security. Social needs encompass relationships, love, and belonging. Esteem needs involve respect, self-esteem, and recognition. Therefore, the correct sequencе from bottom to top of the pyramid is: (b), (a), (d), (c).

83. Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of nuclear family life cycle stages?

(a) Extension
(b) Contraction
(c) Dissolution
(d) Formation
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (d), (a), (b), (c)
Solution:

The sequence of nuclear family life cycle stages starts with formation, where the family unit is established through marriage or cohabitation. Extension follows as children are born and the family grows.

Contraction occurs when children grow up and leave the home. Finally, dissolution happens when the family unit dissolves due to separation, divorce, or death. Therefore, the correct sequence is: (d), (a), (b), (c).

84. Arrange the following as per increasing order (lowest to highest) of requirement of daily intake of Vitamin B12, as recommended by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in Nutritional Requirements for Indians, year 2020.

(a) Infants and children
(b) Lactation
(c) Normal adults
(d) Pregnancy
Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 

Correct Answer: B. (a), (c), (d), (b)
Solution:

The increasing order of daily intake requirements of Vitamin B12, as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), starts with infants and children, who need the least amount.

Normal adults require a slightly higher amount. During pregnancy, the requirement increases further to support fetal development.

The highest requirement is during lactation to meet the nutritional needs of both mother and child. Therefore, the correct sequence is: (a), (c), (d), (b).

85. Arrange the following in the correct chronological order (oldest to newest) of their introduction in the National Health Programme for Tuberculosis in India.

(a) Bedaquiline
(b) DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse)
(c) PMDT (Programmatic Management of Drug resisted Tuberculosis)
(d) Truenat
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. (b), (c), (a), (d)
Solution:

The chronological order of their introduction in the National Health Programme for Tuberculosis in India is: DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) was introduced first in 1997 to ensure patient adherence to TB treatment.

PMDT (Programmatic Management of DrugResistant Tuberculosis) was introduced next in 2007 to address multi-drug resistant TB.

Bedaquiline, a newer drug for drug-resistant TB, was introduced in 2016. Truenat, a molecular test for TB diagnosis, was introduced most recently in 2019. Therefore, the correct sequence is: (b), (c), (a), (d).

86. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The general belief that mountain streams are source of very pure water, is often untrue

Reason (R): Even if there is no human habitation or cattle near, there is still a possibility of contamination caused by wild animals

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Solution:

The assertion states that the general belief that mountain streams are a source of very pure water is often untrue. This is accurate because even pristine-looking mountain streams can be contaminated.

The reason explains that even without human habitation or cattle nearby, wild animals can still contaminate the water.

This contamination can occur through animal waste and natural processes, introducing bacteria and other pathogens into the water. Thus, (R) provides a logical explanation for (A), making both statements correct and (R) the correct explanation of (A).

87. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Ecological Fallacy is an association which has been seen among variables on an aggregate level but may not necessarily reflect an association at individual level.

Reason (R): In Ecological study we have data only for groups and do not have exposure and outcome data for each individual.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Solution:

The assertion highlights the concept of ecological fallacy, where associations observed at the group level do not necessarily apply to individuals within that group. This is accurate because ecological studies analyze data at the population level and might miss individual variations.

The reason explains this by stating that in ecological studies, data is collected only for groups and not for individual exposures and outcomes. This lack of individual data can lead to incorrect inferences about individual risk factors based on group data. Therefore, (R) correctly explains (A).

88. Given below are two statements:

Statement (I): Descriptive Epidemiological study is helpful in generation of Hypothesis Statement (II): Descriptive study is having a 'Comparison group'

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect
Solution:

Descriptive epidemiological studies are indeed helpful in generating hypotheses. They involve observing and describing the distribution of health events by ime, place, and person, which can lead to identifying patterns and potential risk factors.

However, Statement II is incorrect because descriptive studies do not have a comparison group. They focus on describing characteristics and distributions without comparing different groups or assessing the effect of an intervention or exposure. Therefore, only Statement I is correct.

89. Given below are two statements :

Statement (I): APGAR score is a method to assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth
Statement (II): A low score at 5 minutes is more serious than a low score at 1 minute

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both Statement 1 and Statement II are correct
Solution:

The APGAR score is a method used to assess the health of a newborn immediately after birth, evaluating five criteria: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. This assessment helps determine if the baby needs immediate medical care.

A low APGAR score at 5 minutes is more serious than a low score at 1 minute because it indicates that the baby is not improving and may have ongoing health issues requiring medical intervention. Therefore, both statements are accurate.

90. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Transitional Societies may be better able to cope up with change and modern societies are perhaps best adapted to assimilate rapid changes compared with traditional societies

Reason (R): In traditional society the young people can be fairly sure that their lives will be substantially similar to their parents while in the modern society young people can be fairly sure that their lives will be substantially different from their parents and that their children's lives will be different from their own

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Solution:

The assertion claims that transitional societies may cope better with change, and modern societies are best adapted to rapid changes compared to traditional societies.

This is accurate as transitional societies are in the process of adapting to new norms and values, making them more flexible.

The reason explains that in traditional societies, life is relatively stable and similar across generations, while in modern societies, rapid changes ensure that each generation experiences different challenges and opportunities.

This difference in adaptability explains why modern societies cope better with rapid changes, making (R) a correct explanation for (A).