UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2024

Attributable Risk (AR) is defined as the difference in incidence of disease between the exposed group and the non-exposed group. It quantifies the amount of risk among the exposed population that can be attributed to the exposure itself.
Formula:
AR = Incidence in Exposed (lₙₑ)
- Incidence in Non-Exposed (lₙₑ)
It is used in cohort studies and reflects the public health impact of removing the exposure.

In India, under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, the use of medical abortion using a combination of Mifepristone and Misoprostol is approved up to 7 weeks (49 days) of gestation for termination of early pregnancy.

Mifepristone is administered first, followed by Misoprostol after 24-48 hours. Beyond 7 weeks, surgical methods or additional precautions are required.

Recent amendments to the MTP Act in 2021 have extended gestational limits for other forms of abortion but medical abortion pills remain approved up to 7 weeks.

Filocentric means child-centered, which is a trait more commonly associated with nuclear families rather than joint families.
In contrast, a joint family is typically:

In a normal distribution, approximately: 68% of the data falls within ±1 standard deviation of the mean

The General Fertility Rate (GFR) is defined as the number of live births per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in a given year.

It provides a better estimate of actual fertility in a population than crude birth rate, as it focuses only on women biologically capable of childbearing.
Formula:
Other terms:
Total Fertility Rate = average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime
Gross Reproduction Rate = average number of daughters a woman would have
Net Reproduction Rate = average number of daughters who survive to reproductive age.

Sickness or illness-related unemployment is not considered a type of objective unemployment. Objective unemployment refers to unemployment caused due to structural, systemic, or economic reasons that affect larger sections of the workforce, and not due to personal, individual circumstances like health issues. Types of objective unemployment include:

Seasonal unemployment: due to seasonal nature of work (e.g., agriculture, tourism)

Cyclic unemployment: due to economic recession and fall in demand

Structural unemployment: due to mismatch of skills or geographical location of workers and jobs

Sickness-induced unemployment is subjective or personal in nature, and therefore does not fall under the classification of objective unemployment.

As per the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, the term 'deaf' is defined as a person having a hearing loss of more than 70 decibels (dB) in the speech frequency range of 250 Hz to 8000 Hz in both ears.

This threshold helps in standardizing eligibility for disability certification and benefits under the Act.

• A person with hearing loss between 60-70 dB may be considered hard of hearing

• More than 70 dB is classified as deaf under this legal framework.

This classification aligns with audiometric criteria used globally in assessing hearing disability.

Under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), the financial assistance provided to a mother for institutional delivery in rural areas of High Performing States (HPS) is ₹ 700/- (as of June 2024).

High Performing States include Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, etc., where institutional delivery rates are relatively high.

For Low Performing States (LPS), the assistance is higher - ₹ 1400/- in rural areas.

JSY is a safe motherhood intervention under the National Health Mission aimed at promoting institutional deliveries to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.

This statement is NOT a feature of social change. In reality, forecasting social change is very complex and difficult due to the dynamic, multifactorial, and often unpredictable nature of societal behaviour and influences.

Other true features of social change include:
• It is a community-level phenomenon, not confined to individuals.

• It is non-uniform - change may occur at different rates and in different forms in various communities.

• It can be natural (e.g., evolution) or planned (e.g., policy reforms).

Therefore, claiming that forecasting change is "very easy" contradicts the inherent complexity of social transformation.

Among the given options, "Build PublicPrivate Partnership" is NOT one of the five key action areas outlined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986). The five action areas are:

Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Strengthen community action Develop personal skills Reorient health services While public-private partnerships can support health initiatives, they are not explicitly listed as one of the five primary action areas of the Ottawa Charter.