UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2024

The following are NOT features of an urban community:
B. Named Community: Urban communities often lack strong identity or communal naming due to their large, dynamic, and transient populations; people are more individualistic, leading to namelessness being a characteristic of urban life.
C. Simplicity of Life: Urban life is typically complex, fast-paced, and characterized by competition and anonymity - in contrast to the simple, traditional life found in rural settings.

True features of urban communities include:
A. Namelessness
D. Homelessness and urban slums
E. Social heterogeneity

The full forms of the two common types of network analysis used in management and planning are:

A. PERT: Programme Evaluation and Review Technique - used for analyzing time required to complete each task and identifying the minimum time needed for total project completion.

D. CPM: Critical Path Method - focuses on identifying critical and non-critical tasks to reduce project time and costs. These methods are useful in project management for planning, scheduling, and controlling complex tasks.

Characteristics of Primary Groups (like family, close friends) include:
A. Small in size (members and area): Usually limited number of people who know each other personally.

B. Informal structure: No strict rules or formal organization; relationships are based on emotional bonds. In contrast:

C. Indirect/superficial relationships and
D. Indirect cooperation are features of secondary groups, such as professional organizations or institutions.

The four main criteria under International Health Regulations (IHR) to determine whether a disease event qualifies as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) include:

B. Is there a risk of the event spreading internationally?

C. Is the event unusual or unexpected? Other criteria include:
• Is there a serious public health impact?
• Is there a need for international coordination or response? Hence:

A. Mild public health impact is not a criterion (the impact should be serious).

D. Mode of transmission (like feco-oral) is not in the 4 main criteria.

Quantitative management techniques involve mathematical and statistical tools to analyze and improve decision-making.

A. Cost-benefit analysis: A quantitative technique that compares the costs and benefits of a program in monetary terms to assess its efficiency.

B. Input-output analysis: A mathematical model used to understand the interdependencies between different sectors or components of a system.
In contrast,
C. Management by Objectives (MBO) and
D. Personnel Management are techniques based on behavioural sciences, dealing with human behaviour, motivation, and performance.

Skinfold thickness is commonly measured at specific sites to assess subcutaneous fat and estimate body fat percentage. Standard sites include:

A. Subscapular region B. Suprailiac region
C. Mid triceps region The Harpenden calipers are used at these standardized locations.
D. Mid Gluteal region and
E. Mid Thigh region are not standard sites for skinfold measurement with Harpenden calipers in routine clinical or field practice.

Water intended for human consumption is considered safe and wholesome if it:

A. Is free from colour and odour - indicating no organic/inorganic contamination.
B. Is free from harmful chemical substances - such as arsenic, nitrates, fluorides beyond permissible limits. However:
C. Being free from all minerals and electrolytes is not desirable, as some (e.g., calcium, magnesium) are beneficial.
D. Temperature variations are not part of the safety/wholesomeness definition, although extreme temperatures may affect palatability.

The MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021 brought major changes in the scope of legal abortion in India:

C. Beyond 24 weeks, Medical Board's opinion is required in specific cases (e.g., fetal abnormalities).

D. Beyond 24 weeks, MTP is permitted only in cases of substantial fetal abnormalities, as diagnosed by a medical board.
However:
A. MTP up to 24 weeks requires opinion of one RMP up to 20 weeks, but two RMPs are required between 20-24 weeks for certain categories of women.

В. МТР can be performed by an RMP with specific training and experience; postgraduate qualification in OBG is not mandatory.

Non-random (non-probability) sampling methods include:

C. Quota sampling: Selection based on fixed characteristics until quotas are met (e.g., age, gender).

D. Purposive sampling: Subjects are selected based on researcher's judgment about which ones will be most useful or representative.
In contrast:

A. Cluster sampling and
B. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) are random sampling techniques used to select population groups or geographical areas.