UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2025

In newborn care, preventing complications and ensuring survival are key priorities. Hypothermia is indeed a major risk factor for neonatal mortality, and Vitamin K administration prevents hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an effective intervention for small and sick newborns, providing warmth and promoting bonding.

However, delayed cord clamping actually reduces the risk of anemia by allowing extra blood flow from the placenta to the infant. Thus, the statement that it increases the risk of anemia is incorrect.

In assessing noise pollution, sound is often expressed not only in terms of physical intensity but also as perceived by the human ear. The psycho-acoustic index that accounts for both intensity and frequency is the Phon.

It represents the loudness level perceived by humans, while decibel (dB) measures physical sound intensity.

Epidemiologists have closely collaborated with social scientists to study the distribution of health and disease across populations and identify the social, environmental, and behavioral factors influencing them.

This alliance helps in understanding the complex interplay between biological and social determinants of health.

As per the Census of India 2011, the population density of the country was 382 persons per square kilometer.

This figure represents the average number of people living per square kilometer of land area, indicating India's high population concentration, particularly in states like Bihar and West Bengal.

The Tridosha theory in Ayurveda explains the balance of three vital energies or doshas that maintain health: Vata (air and space), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water).
Imbalance among these causes disease. The term "Neer" is not part of this theory and hence is incorrect.

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), part of Ayushman Bharat, provides cashless coverage for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation up to₹ 5 lakh per family per year.

It covers procedures like surgeries, C-sections, and pre- and post-hospitalisation expenses. However, regular medicines for chronic care (like diabetes or hypertension) are not covered, as the scheme focuses on hospital-based care, not long-term outpatient treatment.

The Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) measures the fertility of women in specific age groups, showing the number of live births per 1,000 women of a particular age group in a given year.

The correct formula is: (Number of live births in a particular age group/Mid-year female population of the same age group) × 1000 This indicator helps in understanding fertility patterns and planning reproductive health interventions.

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to categorize individuals based on body weight relative to height, indicating whether they are underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. According to the WHO classification for adults, Obese Class II corresponds to a BMI range of 35.00-39.99 kg/m².

Individuals in this range are considered to have severe obesity, which poses a high risk for serious health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Regular medical supervision and lifestyle modifications are essential for managing health risks in this category.

The Alma Ata Declaration (1978), adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Kazakhstan, marked a turning point in global health policy.

It introduced the goal of "Health for All" through Primary Health Care (PHC) and highlighted health education as a central element for promoting community awareness, self-care, and participation.

The declaration emphasized that health is a fundamental human right and can be achieved only through intersectoral collaboration, equity, and community involvement, thereby transforming the scope and purpose of health education worldwide.

In epidemiology, the Generation Time refers to the interval between the moment a host receives an infection and the point of maximal infectivitywhen the infected person is most capable of transmitting the disease to others.

It reflects the dynamics of infectious disease spread and helps in predicting outbreak patterns. This period varies by disease; for example, it is shorter in influenza and longer in hepatitis.

Understanding generation time is crucial for designing control measures like isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing.