UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, January-2025

Government-Funded Health Insurance Schemes (GFHIs) are programs financed by the government to provide financial protection against healthcare expenses for specific population groups.

A. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY): A centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2008 for BPL families to provide health insurance coverage up to30,000 per family per year.

D. Prime Minister Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY): Launched under Ayushman Bharat in 2018, it provides coverage up to 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization.
Incorrect options:

B. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): A conditional cash transfer scheme, not an insurance program.

C. Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIS): A contributory scheme (employee + employer), not government-funded.

E. Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS): A reimbursement-based service scheme, not insurance.

Deep wells differ from shallow wells in their source and water quality:

A. Taps the water from below the first impervious layer, making it less vulnerable to surface contamination.

C. Provides a constant supply of water throughout the year, as it draws from а deeper aquifer.

B. Deep wells are less contaminated, not more.

D. Water from deep wells is usually harder, due to greater mineral content.

Audio-visual (AV) aids are important tools for effective communication in health education as they reinforce learning and improve understanding.

A. Audio visual aids are means to an end, not an end in themselves. They are supportive tools to enhance communication-not substitutes for the educator.

B. Audio visual aids can be classified into three groups: auditory (radio, recordings), visual (charts, posters), and combined AV aids (films, TV).

C. AV aids help to simplify unfamiliar concepts and make complex health information easier to grasp.

D. AV aids do not monopolize communication; they support interactive teaching.

E. AV aids actually help illiterate populations understand messages better, not create confusion.

During assessment, the focus is on identifying clinical signs of malnutrition and complications.

A. Mouth ulcers may indicate micronutrient deficiencies or infections common in malnourished children.

C. Palmar pallor suggests anemia, often associated with malnutrition.

D. Body weight is a key diagnostic criterion (weight-for-height < -3 SD or MUAC < 11.5 cm).

E. Desquamation (peeling of skin) can occur in kwashiorkor due to protein deficiency.

B. Signs of overhydration are not typical findings; SAM often presents with dehydration or edema, not overhydration.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted from animals to humans.

A. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare; transmission is primarily through animal contact or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.

B. Incubation period ranges from 1-3 weeks, but can extend up to several months.

C. Known as Malta Fever or Mediterranean Fever.

D. It is an occupational disease-risk is high among veterinarians, farmers, slaughterhouse workers, and laboratory staff.

E. Predominantly affects adult males, especially in agricultural and animal-handling occupations.

Developmental Milestones by Age

A. 6-8 weeks - Looks at mother and smiles (III): This is the social smile, one of the first social developmental milestones in infants, showing emotional recognition and bonding.

B. 4-5 months - Listening (II): Around this age, infants begin responding to sounds and voices, turning toward auditory stimuli - an important early sign of sensory and cognitive development.

C. 9-10 months - Crawling (I): A major gross motor milestone, indicating strengthening of muscles and coordination as the baby starts to explore mobility.

D. 10-11 months - First words (IV): Early speech development begins; infants typically start saying simple words like "mama" or "dada."
Correct Answer: 1. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV.

Matching of Terms and Descriptions

A. Dutch cap - Contraceptive method (III): A barrier contraceptive, also known as a diaphragm, placed over the cervix to prevent sperm entry into the uterus.

B. Discounting - Economic costing (IV): A concept in health economics used to calculate the present value of future costs and benefits by accounting for time value of money.

C. Varicella - Highly infectious disease (I): Commonly known as chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus; characterized by fever and vesicular rash.

D. IgM - Immunoglobulins (II): The first antibody produced in response to an infection, indicating a recent or acute infection. Correct Answer: 4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

Major Indoor Pollutants and Their Sources

A. Nitrogen oxides - Fuel combustion (IV): Produced mainly from gas stoves, kerosene heaters, and other combustion appliances used indoors.

B. Lead - Remodelling of painted surfaces (III): Commonly released from old leadbased paints during renovation or repair activities.

C. Radon - Soil under buildings, construction materials (1): A radioactive gas naturally emitted from soil and rocks, seeping into buildings through cracks.

D. Aldehydes - Furnishings (II): Found in pressed wood furniture, carpets, and adhesives, releasing formaldehyde vapors indoors.
Correct Answer: 2. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.

Concepts and Their Meanings
A. Density of Population - Number of persons living per square kilometre (II): Indicates population concentration in a given area.

B. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) - Number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed fertility and mortality (IV): Represents population replacement level; NRR = 1 means each generation replaces itself.

C. General Fertility Rate - Number of live births per 1000 women in reproductive age group in a given year (I): Measures fertility among women aged 15-49 years.

D. Child Woman Ratio - Number of children 0-4 years per 1000 women of childbearing age (III): Used as an indirect measure of fertility in absence of complete birth records. Correct Answer: 1. A-II, B-IV. C-I, D-III.

SDG Targets and Their Descriptions

A. Target 3.6 - Reduce global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents (II): Aims to halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes by 2030.

B. Target 3.4 - Reduce mortality from noncommunicable diseases and promote mental health (III): Focuses on reducing premature deaths from NCDs and improving mental health and wellbeing.

C. Target 3.2 - End all preventable deaths under five years (IV): Ensures neonatal mortality ≤12 and under-five mortality ≤25 per 1000 live births.

D. Target 3.1 - Reduce maternal mortality (I): Seeks to reduce global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
Correct Answer: 4. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-І.