UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, June-2025

There are several models of health education, including the Medical Model, Motivation Model, and Social Intervention Model, all of which focus on different aspects of promoting health behavior change.

However, the Regulatory Model is not a model of health education - it belongs more to health legislation and enforcement, where laws and regulations are used to control health behaviors (e.g., smoking bans, food safety laws).

Health education, on the other hand, focuses on voluntary behavior change through knowledge and motivation.

A toxoid is a modified or inactivated toxin that retains its antigenicity but not its toxicity. It is used to produce immunity against diseases caused by bacterial toxins.

In the National Immunization Schedule (NIS), Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines use toxoids - specifically Diphtheria toxoid (D) and Tetanus toxoid (T) - often combined in formulations like DPT or DT. Among the given options, Diphtheria is protected by a toxoid vaccine.

In conflict management, the avoidance mode (or style) refers to efforts to minimize or evade the conflict rather than directly addressing it.

One of the key techniques under this mode is defusion, which means reducing tension or postponing confrontation until emotions subside.

It involves strategies like changing the subject, delaying discussions, or avoiding direct interaction - useful when the issue is trivial or when cooling-off is necessary.

When an individual mother visits a health centre with her child suffering from diarrhoea, the most effective health education method to teach Oral Rehydration Technique (ORT) is demonstration.

Demonstration involves showing and practicalh performing the preparation and administration o Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) step-by-steр allowing the mother to observe and then practio herself.

It ensures skill-based learning, which is mon effective than lectures or group discussions fo individual, practical teaching.

PPTCT stands for Prevention of Parent to Chik Transmission (formerly known as Prevention o Mother to Child Transmission - РМТСТ).

It is a component of the National AIDS Contro Programme (NACP) and focuses on preventin HIV transmission from an HIV-positive mothe to her baby during pregnancy, childbirh or breastfeeding.

It includes HIV testinų antiretroviral therapy (ART) for mothers an infants, and counseling services.

According to IMNCI (Integrated Manageme of Neonatal and Childhood Illness) guideline in a case of severe dehydration in an infan intravenous (IV) rehydration should be given usin Ringer's Lactate (preferred) or Normal Saline The recommended regimen is:

• First 30 ml/kg of IV fluid in one hou followed by
• 70 ml/kg in the next five hours.

This gradual correction helps prevent complication such as fluid overload and electrolyte imbalance.

Motivation theories are broadly categorized im content (need) theories and process theories. Content theories focus on what motivate individuals, i.e., identifying specific huma needs.

Alderfer's ERG Theory (Exi. nce, Relatednes and Growth) is a need-based theory that simplif Maslow's hierarchy of needs into three co categories.

In contrast, Vroom's expectanc theory, Skinner's reinforcement theory, a Adam's equity theory are process theorie focusing on how motivation occurs.

The Aedes mosquito is the vector responsible ft transmitting several arboviral diseases, includi Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, and Zika virus infection.

Among the given options, Zika virus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus species. Aedes mosquitoes typically breed in clean stagnant water and bite during the daytime, making vector control crucial for prevention.

Group discussion is a participatory health communication method where a small group discusses a health topic guided by a leader or facilitator.
For effective communication:

• The group should ideally consist of 6-12 members (not fewer than 6).
• All participants should be seated face-to-face for good interaction. There should be a group leader or moderator to guide the discussion.
• Members should preferably know each other beforehand to ensure open discussion.

Hence, the statement saying "The group should comprise less than 6 members" is incorrect, as too few participants limit diversity of opinions.

The dependency ratio measures the proportion of dependents (children and elderly) to the working-age population in a society.

For international comparison, the denominator used is the population aged 15-64 years, which represents the economically active group.

The numerator includes the population aged 0-14 years and 65 years and above, who are considered dependents. This ratio helps assess the economic burden on the productive segment of the population.